[sLAUGHTER]

Welcome To:The TVU Glossary of Video & Piracy Terms

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Click Corresponding Letters To Jump To Specific Posts

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Episode Type Guide

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Also I would like to thank VideoHelp, Doom9, Wiki, and the rest of the InterWeb for all the info.
Piracy terms for software, games and such were left out on purpose.
As always if you have a suggestion or edit please post in this thread or PM me direct.

[sLAUGHTER]

0-9
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®:
Rights Reserved

©:
Copyright

™:
Trademark

0sec:
As in 0sec access to a release. Means someone has access to a release immediately after it's released.

0hour:
As in 0hour access to a release. Means someone has access to a release within an hour after it was released.

0day [1]:
As in 0day access to a release. Means someone has access to a release within a day after it was released.

0day [2]:
As in 0day which refers to software, videos, music, or information released or obtained on the day of public release.

1080i:
1080i is the shorthand name for a category of video modes. The number 1080 stands for 1080 lines of vertical resolution, while the letter i stands for interlaced or non-progressive scan. 1080i is considered to be an HDTV video mode. The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels and a frame resolution of 1920 × 1080 or about 2.07 million pixels, and a field resolution of 1920 × 1080 / 2 (because it's interlaced) or about 1.04 million pixels. The field rate (not the frame rate) in hertz can be either implied by the context or specified after the letter i. The two field rates in common use are 50 and 60 Hz, with the former (1080i50) generally being used in traditional PAL and SECAM countries (Europe, Australia, much of Asia, Africa), the latter (1080i60) in traditional NTSC countries (e.g. United States, Canada and Japan). Both variants can be transported by both major digital television formats, ATSC and DVB.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080i

1080p:
1080p is the shorthand name for a category of video modes. The number 1080 represents 1,080 lines of vertical resolution[1], while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non-interlaced. 1080p is considered an HDTV video mode. The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal (display) resolution of 1920 dots across and a frame resolution of 1920 × 1080 or over two million pixels. The frame rate in hertz can be either implied by the context or specified after the letter p (such as 1080p30, meaning 30 frames per second).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p

16:9 :
Aspect ratio most commonly known as widescreen or letterbox. It is wider than the standard 4:3 aspect ratio. 16:9 supporters state that the wider picture corresponds much better to the human visual field than the almost square 4:3.

2:2 Pulldown:
The process of transferring 24-frame-per-second film to video by repeating each film frame as two video fields. When 24-fps film is converted via 2:2 pulldown to 25-fps 625/50 PAL video, the film runs 4 percent faster than normal.

2:3 Pulldown:
The process of converting 24-frame-per-second film to video by repeating one film frame as three fields, then the next film frame as two fields

3:2 Pulldown:
An uncommon variation of 2-3 pulldown, where the first film frame is repeated for 3 fields instead of two. Most people mean 2:3 pulldown when they say 3:2 pulldown.

3GP:
The mpeg4 based video format used in mobile terminals, like cell phones.

3ivX:
3ivx is an MPEG-4 toolkit that supports MPEG-4 Video, MPEG-4 Audio and the MP4 File Format.
http://www.3ivx.com/...logy/index.html

42:
A Mac program that goes directly from DVD to various video formats including VCD, SVCD, and Divx.

480i:
480i is the shorthand name for a video mode. The i, which is sometimes uppercase, stands for interlaced, the 480 for a vertical frame resolution of 480 lines. The digitally transmitted horizontal resolution is usually 720 or 704 pixels with an aspect ratio of 4:3 and therefore a display resolution of 640 × 480; that is standard-definition television (SDTV).

The field rate (not the frame rate) is usually (60/1.001 ?) 59.94 hertz for color TV and can be rounded up to 60 Hz. There are several conventions for written shorthands for the combination of resolution and rate: 480i60, 480i/60 (EBU) and 480/60i. 480i is usually used in traditionally NTSC countries (North America, Japan), because the 525 transmitted lines at 60 hertz of analogue NTSC contain 480 visible ones. 480i can be transported by all major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB. NTSC DVDs use 480i when high motion is desired, but for movies 24 progressive frames per second (480p) are used instead. The 480i resolution is used in most standard definition TVs.

480p:
480p is the shorthand name for a video display resolution. The p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced, while the 480 denotes a vertical resolution of 480 vertical scanning lines, usually with a horizontal resolution of 704 or 720 pixels and 4:3 aspect ratio on standard-definition television (SDTV), or a horizontal resolution of 854 pixels and 16:9 aspect ratio on high-definition television (HDTV). 480p is not high enough to qualify as HDTV; it is considered Enhanced-definition television (EDTV). The frame rate is usually 30 or 60 hertz and can be given explicitly after the letter.

480p24 and 480p30:
The ATSC digital television standards define 480p with either 704x480 (non-square sampling) or 640x480 (square sampling) pixel resolutions, at 24, 30, or 60 Hertz frame rates. A 16:9 aspect ratio is defined at 720x480 pixels, using non-square, anamorphic sampling.

Both 480p24 and 480p30 are more common in countries that use or have used the interlaced NTSC system like North America and Japan (these formats are somewhat compatible with that system, when used to broadcast progressive film content).

480p60 (480p59.94):
With doubled temporal resolution, 480p60 is considered enhanced-definition television (EDTV). It can be transported by both major digital television formats, ATSC and DVB.

SMPTE 293M defines a 480p59.94 standard with twice the data rate of Rec. 601, using 720x480 active pixels. ITU-R Rec. 601 is the specification for component digital interlaced video(480i) commonly used in standard definition television production.

4:1:1 :
4:1:1 Sampling
A ratio used to describe the sampling frequency of a digitized signal. The ratio describes luminance as being sampled 4 times at 3.37 MHz, while color is sampled 1 time at 3.37 MHz in each of it's separate parts. DV, DVCAM and DVCPRO25 use 4:1:1 color sampling. Formulated as: Y (luminance) is sampled at 13.5 MHz (or 3.37 x 4), R-Y (color) is sampled at 3.37 MHz (or 3.37 x 1), B-Y (color) is sampled at 3.37 MHz (or 3.37 x 1) equals 4:1:1.

4:2:2, 4:4:4, 4:4:4:4 :
Put simply 4:4:4 and 4:2:2 terms are descriptions of the sample formats used in digital video. In the early 80's tests were done to determine the sample formats and rates for digital video. The eventual sample structure used for SDI video ended up being 4 times the base sample rate chosen.
The first 4 in the 4:2:2 term is for luminance or the black and white information, and this is where most of the picture detail is. Early tests in television human vision discovered a greater sensitivity to black and white information, while the color is filled in with less detailed areas of the human eye. This means you can reduce the color information and your eye cannot really tell. This is what the 2:2 part of 4:2:2 is for. It means the red and blue channels of the video signal are half the bandwidth of the luminance information. Green is not sent, as you can calculate green from red, blue and luminance information.

This color bandwidth reduction has been used for years in broadcast color television, and in fact the color bandwidth of 4:2:2 is much higher than composite video. This all adds up to 4:2:2 being compatible with black and white or composite television, as the color and luminance information is sent separately, while only 2/3 of the data rate is required for about the same visual quality video.
4:4:4 video is similar, but this time all the color information is sent. RGB computer graphics are really 4:4:4. The 4:4:4:4 format adds a key channel.
http://en.wikipedia....oma_subsampling

4:3 :
Traditional nearly square aspect ratio used for most current analog television screens and IMAX movie theater screens. This aspect ratio will slowly be phased out in favor of the wider, more panoramic and movie-like 16:9 ratio. Video displays using a 4-by-3 ratio display images 4 units wide (horizontal measure) by 3 units tall (vertical measure).

The 4:3 ratio performs fine for television programming, which was designed for it, but it creates problems with movie material originally designed for theater release. The movies are created with a wider, more rectangular aspect ratio (16:9 or wider) in order to create a larger viewing surface and bring the viewer more into the film. On a traditional 4-by-3 aspect ratio display, these movies must be letterboxed or cut down in size (pan & scan).

5.1 Audio:
In contrast to the Stereo sound system and conventional Surround Systems, this sound system offers five separate full band audio signals: Left, middle, right, rear left, rear right. An additional subwoofer (LFE) channel is also provided.

525/60:
The scanning system of 525 lines per frame and 60 interlaced fields (30 frames) per second. Used by the NTSC television standard.

576i:
576i is a standard-definition video mode used in former PAL and SECAM countries, and is the digital equivalent of the analogue PAL and SECAM systems.

The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines (usually with a horizontal resolution of 720 or 704 pixels), and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution. As some people prefer to identify an interlaced resolution by its number of fields (rather than the number of lines), the format is also sometimes called 288i. Furthermore, the field rate (not to be confused with the frame rate), which is 50Hz, is sometimes included when identifying the video mode, i.e. 576i50.

The video format can be transported by both major digital television formats, ATSC and DVB, and on DVD, and it supports aspect ratios of standard 4:3 and anamorphic 16:9.

576p:
576p is the shorthand name for a video mode. The p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced, the 576 for a vertical resolution of 576 lines, usually with a horizontal resolution of 720 or 704 pixels. The frame rate can be given explicitly after the letter

576p25:
In other words, standard-definition television (SDTV) with a frame rate of 25 hertz. It can be used on analog PAL or SECAM systems (as a 576i signal with both interlaced fields corresponding to a unique frame). PALplus supports it via a "movie" mode signal flag. It can also be transported by both major digital television formats, ATSC and DVB and on DVD.

576p50:
With doubled temporal resolution, 576p50 is considered enhanced-definition television (EDTV). In some countries, such as Australia, the 576p resolution standard is technically considered High Definition and is thus used by a number of networks for their HD transmission (Channel Seven and SBS TV).

625/50:
The scanning system of 625 lines per frame and 50 interlaced fields (25 frames) per second. Used by PAL and SECAM television standards.

720p:
The number 720 stands for 720 lines of vertical resolution, while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non-interlaced. 720p is considered to be an HDTV video mode. The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1280 dots across and a frame resolution of 1280 × 720 or about 0.92 million pixels. The frame rate in hertz can be either implied by the context or specified after the letter p (such as 720p30, meaning 30 frames per second).

[sLAUGHTER]

A
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AAC:
Advanced Audio Coding will be the successor of AC3 audio. It is based on AC3 while adding a number of improvements in various areas. Currently player and hardware support for this upcoming audio format is still very limited.

AC3:
Dolby Digital, or AC-3, is the common version containing up to six discrete channels of sound, with five channels for normal-range speakers (20 Hz – 20,000 Hz) (Right front, Center, Left Front, Right Rear and Left Rear) and one channel (20 Hz – 120 Hz) for the LFE. The Dolby Digital format supports mono and stereo usages as well. Batman Returns was the first film to use the Dolby Digital technology when it premiered in theaters in Summer 1992. The LaserDisc version of Clear and Present Danger featured the very first Home Theater Dolby Digital mix in 1995.

This codec has several aliases, which are different names for the same codec:

* Dolby Digital (promotion name, not accepted by the ATSC)
* DD (an abbreviation of above, often combined with channel count: DD 5.1)
* Dolby Surround AC-3 Digital (second promotional name, as seen on early film releases, and on home audio equipment until about 1995/6 or so)
* Dolby Stereo Digital (first promotional name, as seen on early releases, also seen on True Lies LaserDisc)
* Dolby SR-Digital (when the recording incorporates a Dolby SR-format recording for compatibility)
* SR-D (an abbreviation of above)
* Adaptive Transform Coder 3 (relates to the bitstream format of Dolby Digital)
* AC-3 (an abbreviation of above)
* Audio Codec 3, Advanced Codec 3, Acoustic Coder 3 (These are backronyms. However, Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding 3, or ATRAC3, is a separate format developed by Sony)
* ATSC A/52 (name of the standard, current version is A/52 Rev. B)


AfroPic:
A mac video conversion program. It can easily demux files and has various other functions available.

AICH - Advanced Intelligent Corruption Handling:
The standard ICH is pretty effective although it has its limitations as only the whole 9.28 MB can be verified and no finer blocks. If more than one position is corrupted or if malicious clients spread corrupted data over and over again or even fake an entire Part Hash, ICH is no long effective.
Here AICH will care for complete data integrity with a minimum cost of redownloading or overhead by creating much finer hashes.

ie. h=VHGNMZSHD4UINNN3XQGEPQJCX5UI6FYY|

AIFF:
Macintosh AIFF Resource ( .aif, .aifc, .aiff) Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is an audio file format that was developed by Apple Computer. This format may be used to store high-quality sampled audio and musical instrument information.

Aliasing
A distortion (artifact) in the reproduction of digital audio or video that results when the signal frequency is more than twice the sampling frequency. The resolution is insufficient to distinguish between alternate reconstructions of the waveform, thus admitting additional noise that was not present in the original signal.

ALT:
Anti Leech Tracker. See Private Tracker.

Anamorphic Widescreen:
Process where a “wide” video image (typically in a 16:9 widescreen format) is compressed or squeezed horizontally to fit a more narrow video display standard but expands to full size when played over a wide video display.

Letterboxing an image enables the viewer to see the entire widescreen presentation of a movie as it was intended and as it was shown in the theater. However, in order to fit a “wide” image in a “narrow” television, the wide image must be centered in the screen with black bars above and below it (in order to fit a wide image in a narrow screen, the width must match the width of the narrow display so the height of the image is necessarily less than that of the more narrow and square video display). While this method allows the user to see the entire image as it was meant to be seen (narrow 4:3 aspect ratio television sets normally show pan & scan movies), the image loses some horizontal resolution to the black bars.

While not much can be done about this on standard 4:3 televisions, there are wider 16:9 displays, which can show an entire movie image with no bars thus allowing the picture to fill the screen. To take advantage of this, a movie can be distributed in a squeezed anamorphic format without black bars. On a more square 4:3 television this results in an image which seems tall and pinched with actors looking too narrow and objects distorted. However, when played on a widescreen display, the picture is stretched out to its proper width resulting in a widescreen image with no bars and the maximum possible resolution. This technique is being used primarily with DVDs to provide superior quality video to users of widescreen televisions. DVDs featuring this anamorphic version allow a user to watch the image in a letterboxed or pan & scan format on their traditional more square 4:3 televisions when this is selected while allowing users with widescreen televisions to enjoy the full benefit of their displays.

ANSI Art:
Similar to ASCII art, but constructed from a larger set of 256 letters, numbers, and symbols.

ASCII Art:
ASCII art is an artistic medium that are graphics pieced together from the 95 printable characters defined by ASCII.

Antialiasing:
Smoothing or reducing disturbing picture effects. By means of calculation of intermediate values along the sharp edges of types and graphics, these edges can be smoothed out, thus generating a smoother picture. The pixel structure along tilted or bent edges is mixed with the surrounding colors. When creating DVD Menu text, antialiasing must not be used.

ARccOS:
Advanced Regional Copy Control Operating Solution. Sony's copy protection scheme for DVD-Video, designed to prevent 1:1 digital copying (ripping).

Artifact:
An unnatural effect not present in the original video or audio, produced by an external agent or action. Artifacts can be caused by many factors, including digital compression, film-to-video transfer, transmission errors, data readout errors, electrical interference, analog signal noise, and analog signal crosstalk. Most artifacts attributed to the digital compression of DVD are in fact from other sources. Digital compression artifacts will always occur in the same place and in the same way. Possible MPEG artifacts are mosquitoes, blocking, and video noise.

ASF:
Advanced Streaming Format. Microsoft's answer to Real Media and streaming media in general.

Asian Silver:
Put out by eastern bootleggers, they are usually bought by groups to release as their own. These are usually VCD copies of movies which usually are pre-release or some movies that have never been released. There are a lot around in the scene at the moment because silvers are very cheap and easily available in a lot of countries. Mainly smaller groups who don't last more than a few releases go about it this way.

Aspect Ratio:
The width-to-height ratio of an image. A 4:3 aspect ratio means the horizontal size is a third again wider than the vertical size. Standard television ratio is 4:3 (or 1.33:1). Widescreen DVD and HTDV aspect ratio is 16:9 (or 1.78:1). Common film aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.35:1. Aspect ratios normalized to a height of 1 are often abbreviated by leaving off the :1.

ASPI:
ASPI stands for Advanced SCSI Programming Interface. Originally developed by Adaptec. It is a software layer that enables programs to communicate with SCSI and ATAPI devices(CD and DVD Drives and other storage peripherals). Bart's page about ASPI.

ASV:
(Audio Still Video) A still picture on a DVD-Audio disc.

ASX:
Advanced Stream Redirector (ASX): When you use .asx files, you are directed to streaming media content, usually on multimedia Web sites. The .asx files are simple text files that contain server and media information. They are metafiles (a file that provides information about Windows Media files and their presentation) that are similar to Windows Media Redirector (.wvx) files.

If you want to find out more about the streaming content you can open an ASX file in a text editor and often find the filenames of the actual streaming content (often with an .asf extension denoting an ASF file).

ATSC:
The Advanced Television Systems Committee, Inc., is an international, non-profit organization developing voluntary standards for digital television. Specifically, ATSC is working to coordinate television standards among different communications media focusing on digital television, interactive systems, and broadband multimedia communications. ATSC Digital TV Standards include digital high definition television (HDTV), standard definition television (SDTV), data broadcasting, multichannel surround-sound audio, and satellite direct-to-home broadcasting.
http://www.atsc.org/aboutatsc.html

Audio_ts:
Audio_ts stands for "Audio Title Set". Most DVDs have both a VIDEO_TS and AUDIO_TS folder. Ussually the content is located in VIDEO_TS. The AUDIO_TS folder is usually empty. DVD-Audio would be stored in an AUDIO_TS folder when it is a separate format to DVD-Video. Practically this never occurs. Though most DVD's still contain an empty AUDIO_TS folder since older/some dvd-player require this to play the DVD.

Authentication:
Before a movie can be played the player and the disc have to establish a secured communication line on which they can transfer the actual movie. Before they can establish that line they need to make sure that the right "person" is on the other side - this is done via several key exchanges, verifications, etc. Only used in AACS

AVC, H.264, H264:
H.264, MPEG-4 Part 10, or AVC, for Advanced Video Coding, is a digital video codec standard which is noted for achieving very high data compression. It was written by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) together with the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as the product of a collective partnership effort known as the Joint Video Team (JVT). The ITU-T H.264 standard and the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Part 10 standard (formally, ISO/IEC 14496-10) are technically identical. The final drafting work on the first version of the standard was completed in May of 2003.
http://en.wikipedia.....264/MPEG-4_AVC

AVI:
Audio Video Interleave is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft. It defines how video and audio are attached to each other, without specifying a codec.

[sLAUGHTER]

B
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B Frame:
One of three picture types used in MPEG video. B pictures are bidirectionally predicted, based on both previous and following pictures. B pictures usually use the least number of bits. B pictures do not propagate coding errors since they are not used as a reference by other pictures.

Bidirectional Prediction:
A form of compression in which the codec uses information not only from frames that have already been decompressed, but also from frames yet to come. The codec looks in two directions: ahead as well as back. This helps avoid large spikes in data rate caused by scene changes or fast movement, improving image quality.

BIN,CUE:
The .BIN / .CUE CD image format was made popular by the CDRWin software. Afterwards many programs have started supporting or partially supporting it, including: Nero, BlindWrite, CloneCD, FireBurner, vcdimager and cdrdao. The .CUE file contains VCD or SVCD or other data track layout information, while the .BIN file holds the actual data.

Bitrate:
Bitrate or Bit Rate is the average number of bits that one second of video or audio data will consume. Higher bitrate means bigger file size and generally better video or audio quality while lower bitrate means lower file size but worse video or audio quality. Some bitrate examples in common video and audio files:
MP3 about 128 kbps (kilobits per second)
VCD about 1374 kbps
DVD about 4500 kbps
DV about 25 Mbps (megabits per second).

BitSetting, BookType:
For a DVD player or drive to identify what kind of disc is loaded, it queries the so called "Book Type Field" found in the lead-in section of each DVD disc. These few bits, commonly referred to as "compatibility bitsettings" tell the drive which low-level format specification does the media conform to, such as DVD-ROM, DVD+R or DVD+RW.
Most DVD players will read a DVD+RW or DVD+R disc without any problems, however a small minority of them report a disc error when a disc is loaded that is not marked as a "DVD-ROM" disc in the compatibility bits. Ususally, these players are physically able to read the disc (since DVD+RW reflectivity is identical to that of a dual layered DVD-Video disc, which all players must be capable of reading), but their compatibility problems are due to different interpretations of these bits in the various firmware versions. In most cases, the problem can be solved by updating the firmware. www.dvdplusrw.org/Article.asp?mid=0&sid=2&aid=42

BitTorrent:
A special kind of p2p system. It uses a central location which coodinates the downloads but it doesn't host any downloads. The download itself consists of several pieces offered by various users. Such a coordinated group is called a swarm.

Block:
The block is a matrix of 8x8 elements. They can be 8x8 adjacent luminance or chrominance samples, or the corresponding DCT coefficients.
At the block layer is performed the Discrete Cosine Transform.
Video decoding process at the block layer
Variable length decoding.
The bitstream codewords of the block are decoded to form a vector of quantised DCT coefficient.
Inverse scan.
The vector elements are put into a two-dimensional array, which is the block, following one of two possible patterns. The pattern is defined by the flag alternate_scan which is set at the picture layer. The scanning purpose is to optimize the entropy coding.
Inverse quantisation.
DCT coefficients are converted to their original range of values. See also dct quantisation.
Inverse DCT.
Eventually the IDCT is performed. Now the block elements represent either the image sample (Intra block) or the prediction-error (Non-Intra block).

Blu-Ray DVD:
Blu-ray Disc is a next-generation optical disc format meant for high definition video (HD) and high density data storage, and is one of two competing standards for HD optical media. Its competitor is HD-DVD. A Blu-ray Disc can store substantially more data than a DVD, because of the blue laster. A Blu-ray dvd can holod up to 50 GB.

BREIN:
The Bescherming Rechten Entertainment Industrie Nederland (BREIN) translates roughly as Entertainment Industry Rights Protection (association of the) Netherlands. BREIN is a trade association representing both the Dutch recording industry and movie studios. It is roughly analogous to the MPAA or RIAA in the US.

BREIN is perhaps best known for shutting down Dutch eDonkey 2000 link giant ShareConnector.com in November 2004. Due controversy over the legality of links to illegal content, and a lack of quality in the evidence provided by BREIN, the case has not been put to trial yet. After being offline for two years, Shareconnector reopened in December 2006.

BWCLONE / BWCLONEDVD :
An complete image of an original cd/dvd, same as CLONECD/DVD. Only difference is that this image was created by the burn tool BlindWrite.

Bootleg:
Illegally recorded and pressed record.

bps
Bits per second. A unit of data rate

BUP File:
A bup file is a Back UP file of an IFO file. These files are commonly found on DVDs.

[sLAUGHTER]

C
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CAM:
A cam is a theater rip usually done with a digital video camera in Germany they are sometimes tagged as TS.

Caption:
A textual representation of the audio information in a video program. Captions are usually intended for the hearing impaired, and therefore include additional text to identify the person speaking, offscreen sounds, and so on.

Capture:
Also called Cap or Capping - To capture video or TV/Sattelite signals to disk. This can include firewire capture from DV cameras. VCDhelp Capture Section

CAV:
Constant Angular Velocity, the disc(CD/DVD) is read/written at a constantly increasing speed.

C-Band:
A type of satellite transmission with less path loss than other satellite standards such as Ku-band.

CBR:
Constant Bit Rate - the bitrate is the same at any part of a single video or audio stream. VCD standard MPEG video and audio are constant bit rate as are most MP3 standalone audio files. Also see VBR (variable bit rate).

CCE:
see Cinema Craft Encoder

http://www.cinemacraft.com/index.htm

CD-Plus:
A type of Enhanced CD format using stamped multisession technology.

CDR:
A recordable compact disc.

CD-ROM XA:
CD-ROM extended architecture. A mode 2,multi-session disk where data is on one session and audio/video on another(CD-Extra,Mixed-Mode).

cdrdao:
A program that records / burns audio, video, and data files to CD-Rs/CD-RWs. Cdrdao records CD-Rs in disk-at-once (DAO) mode based on a textual description of the CD contents. The program runs on a variety of operating systems including Linux and Windows (in command line mode or via a GUI).

Cell (ID):
A cell is the smallest video unit on a DVD. Normally used to contain a chapter it can also be used to contain a smaller unit in case of multiangles or seamless branching titles.

Chapter:
A DVD 'Chapter' (somewhat confusingly referred to as a 'Part' in the parlance of DVD authors) is generally a logical segment of a Title such as a scene in a film or one interview in a set of cast interviews. There can be up to 999 Chapters in one DVD Title. dvd.sourceforge.net

Che Guevara (Root 1):
A Russian Nazi who has a crush on a black chick. Usually responsible for fixing/maintaining the server and other technical aspects of TVU.

Chroma Bug:
The basic "Chroma Bug" manifests itself as streaky or spiky horizontal lines running through the chroma channel, most notably on diagonal edges. As mentioned above, this problem has been around for a long time. It's only just now being noticed largely because one needs a good high-resolution display, such as a front projector and a six foot projection screen, to really see the problem clearly. In addition, the increasingly common use of large progressive displays has really allowed people to get up close to the screen and see every artifact magnified in great detail. Problems that might have gone unnoticed on a 20 inch interlaced TV suddenly hit you in the face. With the advent of relatively high resolution media like DVD, people are starting to compare the video image to the original film image, not to other forms of TV. And suddenly strange problems that people accepted in a TV picture, but would never be allowed on film, look out of place. The Chroma Bug is one of the most visible artifacts around, but because it's specific to MPEG and 4:2:0 encoding, there was nothing written about it until very recently. read more ...

Chroma Key:
The Chroma Key process is based on the Luminance key. In a luminance key, everything in the image over (or under) a set brightness level is "keyed"out and replaced by either another image, or a color from a color generator. Also known as Blue Screen Compositing, the
Chroma Key Process was made famous by films such as star wars where spacecraft miniatures were composited onto starfield backgrounds.

Chroma Noise:
Chroma noise affects areas of colour in the image. Instead of being clean, even areas of colour, chroma noise makes colours look grainy due to random noise being inserted into the colour signal. Chroma noise seems to particularly affect blue, although it can potentially be seen in any large expanse of a single colour. Chroma noise is pretty much exclusively an artefact of analogue video processing, and it is very rare to see it in modern, all-digital transfers. Increased MPEG macro-blocking artefacts are a potential side-effect of chroma noise, as the MPEG encoder attempts to encode the extra spurious random noise, leaving less bits for actual picture information.

Cinema Craft Encoder:
A very high quality software encoder often refered as CCE .
Though there are different versions of CCE, Cinema Craft SP is the most known and used type http://www.cinemacra...product.html#sp .

Current price on this version is $1995

http://www.cinemacra...urchase.html#sp

CLONECD / CLONEDVD:
An complete image of an original cd/dvd. These images do not contain any crack, it's just a copy of an original cd/dvd. Since it's just a copy of the original, it still contains all copyright information.

Closed GOP:
When encoding MPEG video, a Open GOP is one that uses no referenced pictures from the previous GOP at the current GOP boundary. For example the GOP is closed when it starts with an I Frame and subsequent B Frames do not rely on I or P frames from the previous GOP. Also see Open GOP.

CLV:
Constant Linear Velocity, the disc(CD/DVD) is read/written at a constant speed.

Codec:
COder/DECoder. A codec is a piece of software that allows you to encode something - usually audio or video - to a specific format and can decode media encoded in this specific format again. Popular Codecs: MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG-4, Indeo, etc. AVI, ASF, etc is not a codec but a format - that can be encoded using different codecs.

Compression:
The process of removing redundancies in digital data to reduce the amount that must be stored or transmitted. Lossless compression removes only enough redundancy so that the original data can be recreated exactly as it was. Lossy compression sacrifices additional data to achieve greater compression.

Container:
A container is, like the name says, a construct to contain data - in this case video and audio date and possibly subtitles and navigational information. For instance, you would like to put a soundless video stream and the audio track together in one file. To do that you need a container format. Examples of container formats are: AVI, ASF, OGM, Quicktime, VOB and MPG.

Convert:
To change from one form into another. In video obviously it is to change one form of video into another. For example, many people like to convert divx to MPEG, quicktime to AVI, etc. Conversions to a final format is called encoding - an example is AVI to VCD MPEG-1.

Crop:
To cut away pieces of a video stream without rendering; similiar to cutting a picture with scissors.

CSS:
Content Scrambling System. Prioprietary scrambling system for video DVDs. Designed to stop people from making copies of DVDs, most commercial DVDs are encrypted using CSS. During playback, DVDs are then decrypted on the fly. Only parts of the DVD are encrypted (for instance all IFO and BUP files are not encrypted, and VIDEO_TS.VOB often isn't encrypted either) and the encryption scheme is rather weak and was quickly defeated. If you want to know what CSS does, insert a DVD video disc into your PC, start playing the disc using a software DVD player, then close the player. Now copy a 0.99GB VOB file from the disc to your harddisk and try to play back that VOB file in your software DVD player. You'll see a lot of funny colored blocks all over the picture making the movie unwatchable. But you'll also see parts of the movie (the parts that are not encrypted).

CVD:
China Video Disc . CVD is a combination of VCD and SVCD formats.
http://en.wikipedia....hina_Video_Disc

[sLAUGHTER]

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d0nus:
IceDaemon's German husband.

D1:
A video resolution standard. In the NTSC system, "Full D1" means 720x480 pixels, and in the PAL and SECAM systems full D1 is 720x576. You also see "cropped D1", which is 704xNN, which is useful because the 8 pixels on either edge of the video frame aren't supposed to contain useful information. Therefore, some programs will prefer the cropped D1 resolution to save bandwidth. Other popular resolutions are often described in terms of D1: the SVCD resolution is 2/3 D1 (480xNN) and 352xNN is 1/2 D1. Occasionally you see SIF somewhat inaccurately described as 1/4 D1.

DAR:
DAR stands for Display Aspect Ratio and indicates the dimension of a screen. Most PC screens have a DAR of 4:3, meaning that the horizontal size is 4/3 as large as the vertical size. For TVs we have a lot of old 4:3 displays and more and more 16:9 displays. As you can guess from the numbers 16:9 displays are broader than 4:3 displays having the same diagonal size. 16:9 screens are more suited to display Hollywood movies which are usually shot with an aspect ratio of 1:2.35 or 1:1.85 (meaning that the horizontal size of the picture is 1.85 times as wide as the vertical size).

DC:
DC stands for Director's Cut. A director's cut is a specially edited version of a movie that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit of the movie. It is often released some time after the original release of the film, where the original release was released in a version different from the director's approved edit. 'Cut' is synonymous with 'edit' in this context.

Deinterlace, Deinterlacing:
The process of creating a single frame from the 2 interlaced fields of a video frame. Deinterlacing is used to remove the interlacing artifacts if a still frame is required, or if the video is being used at a different rate than it was created.

Demultiplex, Demultiplexing, Demux, Demuxing:
Splitting the video and audio to separate files.

Descrambling:
DVDs are usually CSS scrambled - imagine you decide to give a number to each letter, starting with 1 for a, etc. A sentence would become a couple of digits - that's what we call scrambled. Of course CSS is much better than that but it's still quite easy to crack. Descrambling means reversing the scrambling process, rendering our digits to a sentence again, or making our movie playable again - you can try to copy a movie to your hard disk when you've authenticated your DVD drive and play it, you'll get a garbled picture because it's still scrambled. Common CSS descramblers either use a pool of known descrambling keys (DeCSS or DODSrip - they contain a large number of keys but not all of them) or try to derive the key by a cryptographic attack (VobDec - that's why it works on most disc since it's not dependent on a pool of discs).

Digital Television:
Digital television (DTV) is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound by means of digital signals, in contrast to analog signals used by analog (traditional) TV. DTV uses digital modulation data, which is digitally compressed and requires decoding by a specially designed television set, or a standard receiver with a set-top box, or a PC fitted with a television card.

Digital television has several advantages over traditional analog TV, the most significant being that digital channels take up less bandwidth space. This means that digital broadcasters can provide more digital channels in the same space, provide High-Definition digital service, or provide other non-television services such as pay-multimedia services or interactive services. Digital television also permits special services such as multicasting (more than one program on the same channel) and electronic program guides. The sale of non-television services may provide an additional revenue source. As well, digital television often has a superior image, improved audio quality, and better reception than analog.

However, digital television picture technology is still in its early stages. Digital television images have some picture defects that are not present on analog television or motion picture cinema, due to present-day limitations of bandwidth and the compression algorithms such as MPEG-2. When a compressed digital image is compared with the original program source, such as a 35mm motion-picture film print, some digital image sequences may have distortion or degradation such as quantization noise, incorrect color, blockiness when high-speed motion is depicted, or a blurred, shimmering haze.

Digital Video:
Digital video is usually compressed since it'd take Terabytes - thousands of Gigabytes or for the mathematicians among you : 10^12 Bytes) to store a movie uncompressed. Since standard loss less compression is insufficient for video, the video codecs have to get rid of unimportant information - stuff the human eye won't see or is unlikely to see. Since that is still not enough modern compression algorithms use keyframes, I and P frames in order to save space.

DirecTiVo:
DirecTiVo is an informal term for the implemented combination of DIRECTV satellite television programming service and the TiVo digital video recorder service.

DiVA:
DiVA is a powerful MPEG-1/MPEG-2 video converter for Mac OS X 10.2 or later. It uses QuickTime, MPEG, MOV, SMP, AltiVec, YUV, Cocoa, Quartz, XML and other amazingly great acronyms and buzzwords. It's also fast, high quality, and integrates extremely well with 3ivx D4 4.5, allowing it to perform automated 2-pass encoding with 3ivx

http://diva.3ivx.com/

DivX:
Not to be confused with the now - thank God - obsolete DIVX (DIgital Video eXpress) system introduced by Circuit City '98. There are 2 flavors of DivX today: DivX ;) is the name of the hacked Microsoft MPEG4 codecs (Windows Media Video V3). Those codecs were developed by Microsoft for use in its proprietary Windows Media architecture and initially supported encoding AVIs and ASFs but all non-beta versions included an AVI lock, making it impossible to use them to encode to the AVI format - and only a few tools support ASF today. What the makers of DivX did is remove that AVI lock making it possible to encode to AVI again, and changed the name to DivX video in order to prevent confusion of codecs, since it's possible to have both the unhacked and hacked codecs on the same computer if you use the Windows Media Encoder. The latest releases of DivX also include a hacked Windows Media Audio Codec called DivX audio - the hack of that codec is not perfect yet and its use is limited for higher bitrates. This codec is also known as DivX3.

The other DivX is a brand-new MPEG-4 video codec developed by DivXNetworks. It offers much advanced encoding controls and 2 pass encoding. Furthermore the codec can play the old DivX ;) (DivX3) movies. The codec is commonly called DivX4.

DivXHD:
DivX High Definition brings the Hollywood stars to your living room with just the click of a mouse. Supporting resolutions of up to 720p at bit rates as low as 4Mbps, DivX HD delivers astonishing video at one fifth the bit rate of broadcast HD. Download one of the samples from our HD showcase to experience the stunning video and dazzling audio quality of DivX HD today. http://www.divx.com/hd/

DIVX:
DIVX was basically DVD stripped of all its extra features - no extras, making-ofs, trailers, multi-language, widescreen picture - introduced by Circuit City and a bunch of greedy Hollywood lawyers in order to completely control movie distribution up to the end user again and to gain complete control over movie playback in your home. DIVX was pay-per-view and a "DIVX-enhanced" DVD player had to be hooked up to your phone line in order to dial in to the DIVX central computer to register when you play a disc and to bill your credit card. A movie was $4.50 - including a 48 hour viewing period - and $2.50 for additional viewing periods. DIVX was stopped after less than a year in operation due to lack of titles (Warner, Sony, New Line, and all the other smaller studios flatly refused to release any titles to the format - THANKS GUYS!!!) and the very negative press it got, mainly from DVD sites on the Internet which later made it into serious printed publications and TV news.

As DIVX uses triple DES encryption it's pretty safe against cryptographic attacks and unless you can crack that encryption there's no way to rip these discs. In other words your DIVX discs will probably remain coasters forever.

DL:
DL stands for Dual-Language, meaning the dvd/file contains more then one language. Synonym: ML.

Dolby Digital, AC3, AC-3:
Dolby Digital, or AC-3, is the common version containing up to six discrete channels of sound, with five channels for normal-range speakers (20 Hz – 20,000 Hz) (Right front, Center, Left Front, Right Rear and Left Rear) and one channel (20 Hz – 120 Hz) for the LFE. The Dolby Digital format supports mono and stereo usages as well. Batman Returns was the first film to use the Dolby Digital technology when it premiered in theaters in Summer 1992. The LaserDisc version of Clear and Present Danger featured the very first Home Theater Dolby Digital mix in 1995.

This codec has several aliases, which are different names for the same codec:

* Dolby Digital (promotion name, not accepted by the ATSC)
* DD (an abbreviation of above, often combined with channel count: DD 5.1)
* Dolby Surround AC-3 Digital (second promotional name, as seen on early film releases, and on home audio equipment until about 1995/6 or so)
* Dolby Stereo Digital (first promotional name, as seen on early releases, also seen on True Lies LaserDisc)
* Dolby SR-Digital (when the recording incorporates a Dolby SR-format recording for compatibility)
* SR-D (an abbreviation of above)
* Adaptive Transform Coder 3 (relates to the bitstream format of Dolby Digital)
* AC-3 (an abbreviation of above)
* Audio Codec 3, Advanced Codec 3, Acoustic Coder 3 (These are backronyms. However, Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding 3, or ATRAC3, is a separate format developed by Sony)
* ATSC A/52 (name of the standard, current version is A/52 Rev. B)

DRC:
Dynamic Range Compression. AC3 Tracks contain a much larger dynamic range that most audio equipment can handle, therefore most standalone and software DVD player will compress the dynamic range somewhat, according to the actual dynamic range. In layman terms the volume will be augmented dynamically, e.g. explosions won't become louder or only a bit louder, whereas in normal dialogues the volume will be augmented quite a bit. Since your player will do the same this is the way to go to have augmented volume.

DROP FRAME:
Colour video was slowly introduced into broadcast. It was therefore necessary to make it compatible with black and white receivers and to design colour receivers or televisions to be able to receive black and white programming as well. In order to accommodate the extra information needed for colour the b&w’s 30 frame/second rate was slowed to 29.97 f/s for colour. Although usually not an issue for non broadcast applications, in broadcast, the small difference between real time (or the wall clock) and the time registered on the video can be problematic. Over a period of 1 hour (SMPTE) the video will be 3.6 seconds or 108 extra frames longer in relation to the wall clock. To overcome this discrepancy drop frame is used.

Drop frame: Every frame :00 & :01 are dropped for each minute change (60 X 2 = 120) except for minutes with 0’s (00:, 10:, 20:, 30:, 40: & 50:) (6 X 2 = 12, 120 - 12 = 108)

DSR:
Digital stream rip is a rip that is captured from a digital source stream with an analogue step. Quality is similar to PDTV.

DTS:
Digital Theater Systems Digital Surround is a DVD audio encoding format similar to Dolby Digital. The quality is better than Dolby Digital and it's used in the cinema.

Dubbed:
If a film is dubbed, it is a special version where the actors' voices are in another language.

DTV:
See Digital Television.

DVB:
DVB is an acronym for "Digital Video Broadcasting". DVB was set up by the EBU (European Broadcast Union) to set the standards for digital video transmission. They have published these via ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) who also set standards for devices such as GSM telephones. In fact there are several DVB standards for different transmission media.Some of these are:
DVB-S Satellite
DVB-C Cable
DVB-T Terrestrial
DVB-SI Specification for Service Information
DVB-CI Common Interface for conditional access
http://www.drakesvision.com/digi3.htm

DVD:
Stands for Digital Versatile Disk. (Formerly Digital Video Disk.) An optic disc with the same physical size as a CD but with significantly greater storage capacity, anywhere from 4.5 Gb (single layer, single-sided) to 17 Gb storage capacity (double-layer, double sided). It uses MPEG2 compression to encode 720:480p resolution, full-motion video and Dolby Digital to encode 5.1 channels of discrete audio. The disc can also contain PCM, DTS, and MPEG audio soundtracks.

DVD+R:
DVD+Recordable defines a standard for recordable DVD drives and media defined by the DVDRW Alliance. Often called "plus R", the format is write once (compared to DVD+RW wich can be erased and rewritten). The single sided discs can hold 4,700,000,000 bytes (4.38 Gigabytes at 1024 bytes to the kilobyte) with double sided discs holding twice as much. There are no dual layer single sided recordable discs. This format competes with the DVD Forum DVD-R specification. DVDRhelp DVDR information

DVD+R DL, DVD+R9:
DVD+R DL or called DVD+R9 is a Dual Layer writeable DVD+R. The dual layered discs can hold 7.95 GB or around 8 540 000 000 bytes (called DVD-9) and a double sided dual layered disc 15.9 GB or around 17 080 000 000 bytes (called DVD-18).

DVD+RW:
DVD+RW is a ReWriteable media format of the DVD+R standard.

DVD-10:
DVD-10 is a double sided single layer DVD which can fit up to 9.4 GB or 8.7 computer GB. Video DVD, DVD-R/W and DVD+R/W supports this format.

DVD-18:
DVD-18 is a double sided dual layer DVD which can fit up to 17 GB or 15.9 computer GB which some commercial video DVDs are using today (a DVD-18 is basicly four pressed plastic DVD-5s pressed together, they are not burned). Video DVD supports this format but DVD-R/W and DVD+R/W does not support this format.

DVD-5:
DVD-5 is a single sided single layer DVD that stores up to about 4.7 GB = 4 700 000 000 bytes and that is 4.38 computer GigaBytes where 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes(4 700 000 000B/1024 = about 4 589 843KB/1024 = about 4485MB/1024 = about 4.38GB) . Video DVD, DVD-R/W and DVD+R/W supports this format. Often referred to as "single sided, single layer". DVDRhelp DVD information

DVD-9:
DVD-9 is a single sided dual layer DVD which can fit up to 8.5 GB or 7.95 computer GB which many commercial video DVDs are using today (a DVD-9 is basicly two pressed plastic DVD-5s pressed together, they are not burned). Video DVD supports this format but DVD-R/W and DVD+R/W does not support this format.

DVD-Audio, DVD-A:
DVD-Audio or sometimes called DVD-A is a separate format from DVD-Video. It is a format specifically designed to provide the highest possible audio fidelity capable on DVD. DVD-Audio provides for audio in stereo and in multi-channel surround in a wide range of specifications. In addition to audio, a DVD-Audio disk can contain a limited amount of video, which can be used to display text, such as lyrics or notes. DVD-Audio can only be played on DVD Players with DVD-Audio support (most DVD Players do not support this format). DVD-Audio is currently competing with SACD as the new audio defacto standard.

DVD-R:
DVD-Recordable defines a standard for recordable DVD drives and media defined by the DVD Forum. Often called "minus R", the format is write once (compared to DVD-RW wich can be erased and rewritten). The single sided discs can hold 4,700,000,000 bytes (4.38 Gigabytes at 1024 bytes to the kilobyte) with double sided discs holding twice as much. This format competes with the DVD+R format.

DVD-R DL:
DVD-R DL or called DVD-R9 is a Dual Layer writeable DVD-R. The dual layered discs can hold 7.95 GB or around 8 540 000 000 bytes (called DVD-9) and a double sided dual layered disc 15.9 GB or around 17 080 000 000 bytes (called DVD-18).

DVD-RW:
DVD-RW is a ReWriteable media format of the DVD-R standard.

DVD-SVCD:
This is SVCD authored video on a DVDR/W. The DVD standard does not support the SVCD resolution but it may work anyway if the audio has been resampled to 48 khz like the DVD-VCD.

DVDMUX:
SEE DVTV

DVDRiP:
A copy of the final released DVD. DVDrips are released in SVCD and DivX/XviD.

DVD Screener:
Same premise as a screener, but DVD.

DVR-MS, dvrms:
DVR-MS (Microsoft Digital Video Recording) is a proprietary video and audio file format, developed by Microsoft. Video is encoded using the MPEG-2 standard and audio using MPEG-1 Layer II or Dolby Digital AC-3 (ATSC A/52). The format extends these standards by including metadata about the content and digital rights management.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVR-MS

DVTV:
Comes from taking a DVD video source and muxing it with a localized broadcasted audio track. The French use this tag a lot. Some examples of DVTV; MD.DVDRiP (Mic Dubbed), LD.DVDRiP (Line Dubbed), DVDMUX.

TVU now uses LD.DVDRip for these when used as an episode type.

[sLAUGHTER]

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eD2k:
Short name for the eDonkey2000 network.

eD2k Client:
This is the eMule program, or any other program that is compatible with the edonkey2000 network.

eD2k Links:
ed2k links are used by the eDonkey2000 family of P2P programs, such as eMule, Hybrid, MLDonkey, MorphXT, and others. These links are primarily used to provide a unique identifier for a file without referring to a specific location, as with FTP and HTTP links. This is done by using a hash function on the file to calculate its checksum.

ed2k links allow the file to be automatically downloaded in eMule, eDonkey2000 or other compatible software. This linking feature was one of the first to be introduced in peer to peer file sharing. Now Magnet links serves a similar role but is not limited to the ed2k hash but can be other hashes such as SHA or MD5 etc.

After installing an ed2k client on Microsoft Windows, the ed2k:// protocol is optionally registered so that clicking on it in the browser automatically starts the download.

eD2k Server:
This is what a client connects to. It links all the sources of files together, and provides search functionality to ed2k.

eDonkey2000:
eDonkey2000 was a peer-to-peer file sharing application developed by MetaMachine, using the Multisource File Transfer Protocol. The eDonkey client supports both the eDonkey2000 network and the Overnet network. However the software client and the website have been taken down by RIAA now.

Elementary Stream (ES):
An elementary stream is a single (video or audio) stream without container. For instance a basic MPEG-2 video stream (.m2v or .mpv) is an MPEG-2 ES, and on the audio side we have AC3, MP2, etc files that are ES. Most DVD authoring program require ES as input.

EMUDVD:
Stands for EMUlation DVD. It's quite similar to CLONEDVD. You can burn the release, but in order to run it you need an emulation program running in the background such as DT4's RMPS. You can also mount the release, but its still emulation. The scene considers any release that requires a helper program that runs in the background to bypass the protection as emulation, and thus should be named properly as emulation. The only possible exception to this rule is ATIP hiders.

eMule:
Most popular eD2k client. You can get it HERE.

Encode:
Encoding is the process of converting one digital format to another, applying known algorithms to either obscure the content of the file, or to compress or convert it to another format.

Extended:
Used when additional footage is included in a video that was previously unreleased.

[sLAUGHTER]

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FAQ:
Frequently Asked Questions. Our FAQ

ffmpegX:
A swiss army knife of MAC video conversion. It has numerous presets, plus the ability to customize your settings to create video to your exact specifications. A few examples of the presets include .mov -> VCD, .mov -> SVCD, .mov ->divx.

Field:
Interlaced video streams contain fields rather than frames.

File Sharing:
File sharing is the practice of making files available for other users to download over the Internet and smaller networks. Usually file sharing follows the peer-to-peer (P2P) model, where the files are stored on and served by personal computers of the users. Most people who engage in file sharing are also downloading files that other users share. Sometimes these two activities are linked together. P2P file sharing is distinct from file trading in that downloading files from a P2P network does not require uploading, although some networks either provide incentives for uploading such as credits or force the sharing of files being currently downloaded.

Filter:
Filter: To manipulate a video stream to achieve a desired effect. This can include, but is not limited to, re-sizing, noise reduction, de-interlacing, softening, sharpening, and noise reduction. Video filters are available in many commercial editing packages and some free editors including Virtualdub and AVIsynth.

Final Cut Pro:
Final Cut Pro 3 is a comprehensive and innovative editing solution with unprecedented flexibility featuring award-winning editing capabilities, precise color correction tools, and built-in compositing and effects. Revolutionary out-of-the-box G4 real-time effects deliver real-time playback without rendering or additional PCI hardware1. The new OfflineRT format yields over 40 minutes of footage per gigabyte, providing a highly efficient editing workflow. Designed for ease of use, with tools that can expertly handle virtually any video format, Final Cut Pro 3 is the complete solution for professional video editing. With a comprehensive set of award winning features that rival expensive proprietary editing systems, it’s no wonder why Final Cut Pro is quickly becoming the digital editing choice for professional editors and filmmakers worldwide.

Firmware:
The firmware of a device is the program code that is permanently stored in the device's memory. It contains all the necessary software routines to make the device fully functional. New updated firmware is sometimes distributed for dvd players, cd/dvd writers and many other computer devices to add features or fix bugs.

FourCC:
FourCC stands for four character code and is a code that uniquely identifies a video data stream format. A movie player will look up the FourCC code then look for the codec associated to the FourCC code in order to play a certain video stream. A few examples: DIV3 = DivX Low-Motion, DIV4 = DivX Fast-Motion, DIVX = DivX4.

fps:
Frames per second. A measure of the rate at which pictures are shown for a motion video image. In NTSC and PAL video, each frame is made up of two interlaced fields.

Frame:
-Television:
A set of scanlines in video to make a complete picture. If the video is interlaced the frame consists of both of the interlaced fields (half frames). If the video is progressive the the frame is made up of one continuous scan from top to bottom. The number of scanlines vary in a frame depending on the TV system used. PAL50 uses 625 scan lines, NTSC60 (US) 525.

-Video Encoding:
A frame is one picture but depending on the encoding scheme it may not be a complete picture (I-Frame) but dependent on frames before or after the current frame (P-Frame, B-Frame).

Frameserving:
Frameserving is the process of sending a video frame from one application to another, without intermediary files. Say you want to process an existing video in application A (for instance remove the black bars from the picture), and then encode it to another format in application B. The traditional way is to export the video from application A to an imtermediary file. In order not to loose quality, you'd have to use a lossless format (meaning huge files, about 100 GB for a 2h movie). You'd then import that intermediary video file into application B. Frameserving allows you to export the video in uncompressed format frame by frame from application A, and import those frames into application B, without the intermediary file. Popular ways to frameserve are AviSynth or VFAPI.

FS:
FS stands for FullScreen, which is a screen size ratio of 4:3 (width:heigth).

FTP:
FTP or File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer data from one computer to another over the Internet, or through a network.

Specifically, FTP is a commonly used protocol for exchanging files over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol (such as the Internet or an intranet). There are two computers involved in an FTP transfer: a server and a client. The FTP server, running FTP server software, listens on the network for connection requests from other computers. The client computer, running FTP client software, initiates a connection to the server.

[sLAUGHTER]

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GOP, Group Of Pictures:
A Group Of Pictures (GOP) consists of all the pictures that follow a GOP header before another GOP header.

Gordian Knot:
Gordian Knot is an integrated package for DVD to DivX/XviD/x264 encoding. It combines multiple open source software packages to perform the various tasks needed to rip, demux, encode, multiplex and split to size. It thereby attempts to combine most tasks with a single frontend to variable degrees of effectiveness. It is normally distributed as a program pack and a codec pack.

Development on the program pack, as well as the frontend has been publicly halted as of April 2005.

Auto Gordian Knot is a more automated and less complex version of the software.

GVU:
The GVU or Gesellschaft zur Verfolgung von Urheberrechtsverletzungen is the German association that investigates cases of software, music, and motion picture copyright infringement. The name is usually translated as The German Federation against Copyright Theft .

They partnered with the international Motion Picture Association to launch the You can click, but you can't hide campaign, which specifically targeted users of BitTorrent and eD2k. Notable eD2k take downs include The-Realworld.de (TRW) and The-Freeworld.6x.to (TFW)

[sLAUGHTER]

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Half D1:
An MPEG-2 video encoding mode in which half the horizontal resolution is sampled (352x480 for NTSC, 352x576 for PAL). See also D1

Hard Subs:
Subtitles that are encoded onto the video stream of a file.

Hash (eD2k):
The ed2k hash function is a variant of MD4 but is incompatible with MD4, as it differs in the way the hash is finalized.

ie.|368553984|D827F1E35D2D360AB2366D5CC7F2A579|

Hash (Good):
Hashish (from Arabic: حشيش ḥashīsh, lit. grass; also hash or many slang terms) is a preparation of Cannabis composed of the compressed trichomes collected from the Cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients as Cannabis (but in higher concentrations) and produces the same psychoactive effects. Laws which apply to Cannabis usually also apply to hashish.

HD-DVD, HDDVD, HD DVD:
HD DVD (High Density DVD or High Definition DVD) is a next-generation optical disc format designed for high-density storage of high-definition video and data.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD-DVD

HDTV:
High Definition TV is high-resolution digital television combined with Dolby Digital surround sound (AC-3). HDTV is the highest DTV resolution in the new set of standards. This combination creates a stunning image with stunning sound. HDTV requires new production and transmission equipment at the HDTV stations, as well as new television equipment for reception by the consumer. The higher resolution picture is the main selling point for HDTV. Imagine 720 or 1080 lines of resolution compared to the 525 lines people are used to in the United States (or the 625 lines in Europe) -- it's a huge difference!
Of the 18 DTV formats, six are HDTV formats, five of which are based on progressive scanning and one on interlaced scanning. Of the remaining formats, eight are SDTV (four wide-screen formats with 16:9 aspect ratios, and four conventional formats with 4:3 aspect ratios), and the remaining four are video graphics array (VGA) formats. Stations are free to choose which formats to broadcast.

HDTVRiP:
Digital recording from a source stream of either 1080i or 720p at a bitrate from 19,39mbps or higher.

-The specific resolution of releases can vary depending upon the release group:
LOL HDTV releases usually have a resolution of 624 x 352 with an aspect ratio of 1.77:1.
FQM HDTV releases usually have a resolution of 608 x 336 with an aspect ratio of 1.80:1.

Hiatus:
Hiatus is an industry term that means "On Hold".

HR:
Stands for High Resolution.

HR-HDTV:
HRHD (High Resolution High-Definition) (also HR, HRHDTV, or HR.HDTV) is an acronym, often seen as part of the filename of TV shows shared on the Internet.

-The specific resolution of releases can vary depending upon the release group:
CTU HR HDTV releases usually have a resolution of 960 x 528 with an aspect ratio of 1.81:1.
NBS HR HDTV releases usually have a resolution of 960 x 544 with an aspect ratio of 1.76:1.

It refers to a standard of encoding video, meaning that the video signal was ripped directly from a HDTV broadcast, then down-sampled to approximately 960x540, and encoded to Xvid. While the horizontal resolution of 960 remains constant the vertical resolution can fluctuate up to 5% to provide clean cropping.

A HRHD encoding for a 40-55 minute TV show should be approximately 700MB. It contains the original AC3 sound, which is often 5.1 channels, instead of the re-encoded MP3 stream found in 350MB releases.

HR-PDTV:
High Resolution Pure Digital Television. Pure digital capturing process at resolutions above 640x480. Usually around 720x5**.

Huffyuv:
A fast, lossless Win32 video codec developed by Ben Rudiak-Gould. "Lossless" means that the output from the decompressor is bit-for-bit identical with the original input to the compressor. "Fast" means a compression throughput of up to 38 megabytes per second on a 416 MHz Celeron. Huffyuv is intended to replace uncompressed YUV as a video capture format. It is fast enough to compress full-resolution CCIR 601 video (720 x 480 x 30fps) in real time as it is captured. Huffyuv also supports lossless compression of RGB data, so it can be used for the output of programs like VirtualDub.

[sLAUGHTER]

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I Frame:
An I frame is encoded as a single image, with no reference to any past or future frames. Often video editing programs can only cut MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 encoded video on an I frame since B frames and P frames depend on other frames for encoding information.

I-MPEG:
Intraframe MPEG. An unofficial variation of MPEG video encoding that uses only intraframe compression. I-MPEG is used by DV equipment.

IceDaemon:
d0nus' hairy wife. (IRC regular)

iDCT:
The video information inside MPEG files is stored in the frequency domain rather than in the spatial domain (the images we see). That way, the information gets compacted and that compactation can be used to compress (reduce) the amount of information you have to send over the transmission channel. MPEG uses the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) to translate spatial information into frequency information.
To bring back the spatial information from the MPEG stream you have to apply the iDCT, that is, the Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform, that undoes the DCT that was used during encoding.
DCT and iDCT are basically the same as DFT (discrete fourier transforms) but the results are integers rather than complex reals you get in i/DFT. For more info please refer to a university-level book about DSP, communication systems or similar.

IFO File:
InFOrmation file commonly found on DVDs. Such files contain navigational information for your DVD player.

IMG-file:
An .img file is an image of a CD/DVD. An .img file can directly be burned to a cd/dvd using Alcohol 120% for example. Not supported by all burn programs.

iND:
Independent, not a real group, just term to categorize users who aren't members of lar.ger groups. Occasionally there are releases with an -iND tag.

Indexing Sites:
Web sites that index eD2k links. Most are forum based due to the ease of setup.

Interlace, Interlaced, Interlacing, Non-Progressive:
Each frame of a video picture is scanned twice. Firstly, all the odd lines are broadcast, then all the even lines are broadcast. Each set of odd/even lines is known as a field. Two fields therefore make up a frame. The point of doing this is to reduce flicker, and not increase bandwidth.
Also a nuke reason. Some DVDRiP releases don't refresh properly if they are interlaced.

Interleaving:
Imagine gluing together the audio and the video track at defined points, that's about it. The player will recognize the interleave points and make sure that both audio and video are played in a manner that the "glued" points match through the movie.

A more detailed explanation: Imagine we have 10 seconds of video and 10 seconds of audio. Let each second of video be represented by a V and each second of audio by an A. If you have an interleaving setting of 10 seconds the file on the disc will look like this: VVVVVVVVVVAAAAAAAAAA. Now if you have an interleaving setting of 1 second instead here's what you get: VAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVA.

iNTERNAL:
A release is done internal when it's released for a limited amount of people. Nowadays it's mostly used when a release is already done by another group. By adding the internal tag, the release won't be nuked.

Inverse Telecine, IVTC:
Inverse telecine (IVTC) is when a codec takes a 29.97 frames per second interlaced NTSC video that has gone through the telecine process and reconstructs the original 24 frames per second progressive FILM video..

IPTV:
Internet Protocol TV (considered WEBRip)

IRC:
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet chat or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group (many-to-many) communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication and data transfers via private message.

ISO-image:
An .iso file is an image of a CD/DVD. An .iso file can directly be burned to a cd/dvd using Alcohol 120% for example.

[sLAUGHTER]

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[sLAUGHTER]

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KAD:
KAD or Kademlia is a type of P2P network. It is more an blueprint for how a network works. In emule it is the second, serverless way of searching and sharing sources.

Kb/s (Kbps):
Kilobits per second

KB/s (KBps):
Kilobytes per second

Keyframe:
A complete frame but heavily compressed.

KVCD:
KVCD is a modification to the standard MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 GOP structure and Quantization Matrix. It allows you to put more than 120 minutes of video on a single 80 minute CD-R/CD-RW. The KVCDx3 template creates 528x480 (NTSC) and 528x576 (PAL) MPEG-1 variable bit rate video, from 64Kbps to 3,000Kbps. One of the other templates uses 352x240 (NTSC) or 352x288 (PAL), allowing up to ~360 minutes on a single 80 minute CD-R. You must burn the KVCD MPEG files as non-standard VCD or non-standard SVCD (depends on your player) with Nero or VCDEasy. The KDVD version of KVCD allows up to 6 hours Full D-1 720x480 on one DVD, or about 10 hours at Half D-1 352x480. Because KVCD and KDVD are not recognized "formats", the MPEG files created may or may not playback in your standalone DVD player. More info at kvcd.org

[sLAUGHTER]

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LAME:
LAME is an open source MP3 (that is, MPEG-1 audio layer 3) audio compression. It's the standard codec in the scene.

LD:
Line Dubbed. This is used when a video stream is muxed with an outside audio stream from a variety of other sources. LD is replacing DVTV with DVDRip WITH an additional type of LD and it is also replacing the term REMiX.

Leaking:
The act of leaking scene releases to p2p.

Leeching:
Downloading a lot without uploading.

Letterbox(ed/ing):
All new DVDs / movies are almost always made in widescreen format. When widescreen movie needs to be displayed on a screen with different aspect ratio from the original film (such as 4:3), the picture frame needs to be letterboxed. Letterboxing means adding black borders above and below the original frame.

Linear PCM, LPCM
Linear PCM (LPCM) is an uncompressed audio format that is similar to CD audio, but with higher sampling frequencies and quantisations. LPCM offers up to 8 channels of 48kHz or 96kHz sampling frequency and 16, 20 or 24 bits per sample but not all at the same time. These values compare with 44.1kHz and 16 bits as used for CD audio. The maximum bit rate is 6.144 Mb/s, which is much higher than Dolby Digital or MPEG-2 coding. LPCM offers high quality (similar to DVD-Audio) but its high data rate leaves little bandwidth for video on a DVD video disc. Disctronics DVD-Video audio

Lossy Compression:
Compression techniques that achieve very high compression ratios by permanently removing data while preserving as much significant information as possible. Lossy compression includes perceptual coding techniques that attempt to limit the data loss to that which is least likely to be noticed by human perception.

Lossless Linking:
In the DVD+RW Video format, video can be encoded with a variable bit-rate (VBR). Because the writing process takes place at a constant bit rate, the writing process needs to be suspended and continued frequently. Normally, this would result in a linking loss, making the disc incompatible with read-only devices like DVD Video players and DVD-ROM drives. With DVD+RW it is possible to perform lossless linking, i.e. to suspend and continue the writing process without linking loss. This feature makes the format very efficient and suitable for random write in data as well as video applications.

[sLAUGHTER]

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m1v/m2v:
These two terms are used as extensions for MPEG-1 respectively MPEG-2 video data (video only, without any audio).

mAC3dec:
A MAC program used to convert .ac3 files to .aiff or .mp3 files.

Macroblock:
A macroblock is a portion of image that consists of 16x16 picture elements (pixels or pels).
At the macroblock layer motion compensation and prediction are performed and it's possible to change the quantisation step.
It must be noticed that, if the picture is an interlaced frame picture, the odd lines of the macroblock belong to the first field and the even lines to the second field.

Video decoding process at the macroblock layer
Decode the macroblock mode and the possible quantiser_scale_code.
If it's an Intra macroblock:
Decode the blocks which the macroblock consists of.
If it's a Non-Intra macroblock:
Decode the prediction mode and the motion vectors.
Produce the suitable prediction for the macroblock.
Decode the blocks which the macroblock consists of, obtaining the prediction errors values.
Add the prediction errors values to the prediction.

Macrovision:
An analog video copy protection scheme that alters the unseen part of a video signal such that a VCR or other macrovision enabled device may not record the video signal properly. There are several types:
- Automatic Gain Control
- 2-line color stripe
- 4-line color stripe

Symptoms of this include picture fading in and out or color banding of the signal.

MacVCD:
A VCD player available for the Mac OS X platform

Main Concept Encoder:
A very good mid range (in cost) mpeg encoder. Often found as the encoding engine in other products (Vegas Video and Adobe Premiere are some such applications that Main Concept).

Main Concept also makes other video applications such as a compositing program and soon to be released full featured video editing program and low end video editor.

Main Concept also has a very high quality DV codec
http://www.mainconcept.com/

Matroska, MKA, MKV, MKS:
A new video and audio container format similiar to AVI but with several new features like support for OGG audio, Variable Framerate Video.
Matroska File Formats:
.mkv : Generally video files, as well those containing audio ( movies ) or video only
.mka : audio only files, can contain any supported audio compresion format, such as MP2, MP3, Vorbis, AAC, AC3, DTS, PCM and soon MPC ( musepack )
.mks : a so called 'elementary' matroska stream containing any subtitles stream
For more info, see http://www.matroska.org

MD.DVDRiP:
Mic Dubbed DVDRiP. SEE DVTV

miniDVD:
miniDVD is basically a DVD on a CD. A miniDVD can contain bitrates up to 10mbit/s (audio and video combined). Video is MPEG2 of course.. preferably VBR and audio can be MPEG1 audio layer 2, raw uncompressed PCM or AC3. Video quality can be up to an actual DVD level if you accept the limited playtime of a CD. You can create DVD-like menus as well. The drawback is miniDVDs will only play on PCs and on a very limited number of standalone players.

MLP:
Meridian Lossless Packing. A lossless compression technique (used by DVD-Audio) that removes redundancy from PCM audio signals to achieve a compression ratio of about 2:1 while allowing the signal to be perfectly recreated by the MLP decoder.

MM4:
Multiple MPEG 4: A combination of different bitrate encoded files. For instance you could take a 2000kbit/s encode, a 910kbit/s encode and combine the files together, use the lower bitrate file and replace scenes where the quality gets too bad due to a lot of action with the parts taken from the 2000kbit/s one. It also includes the use of both DivX codecs: You can combine DivX low motion and DivX high motion files (and once again you can choose different bitrates).

MorphXT:
An extremely useful eMule mod...best known for it's advanced file control. You can get it HERE.

Motion Compensation and Prediction:
Motion compensation and prediction are performed at the macroblock layer.
The goal of motion compensation is to provide a good prediction for the macroblock. Actually, in the macroblocks where prediction is applied, the DCT is performed to the prediction errors instead of to the image samples and more the prediction errors are low and more the entropy coding is effective. Therefore, with good predictions it's possible to have low bit rate and good quality.
In nearly still pictures it's quite easy to have very good predictions using the pixels just in the same position of those to predict, but in motion pictures it's necessary to take movements into account.

Motion Estimation:
In video encoding, the process of analyzing previous or future frames to identify blocks that have not changed or have only changed location. Motion vectors are then stored in place of the blocks. This is very computation-intensive and can cause visual artifacts when subject to errors.

MoTV:
Ministry of Television. A great eD2k organization that is kind enough to bring scene DVDRiPs to the eD2k network. Now a days most of their work can be found at TV4ed2k.

Mount:
To create a virtual cd/dvd drive with the content of an image file.

MOV:
QuickTime Content (.mov, .qt) - a file format developed by Apple Computer to create, edit, publish, and view multimedia files. QuickTime supports video, animation, graphics, 3D and virtual reality (VR).

MP3:
Stands for MPEG Audio Layer-3. MP3 is a widely used technology for the compression and decompression of music.

MP4:
MP4 is a new container format, a container format allows you to combine different multimedia streams into one single file. Multimedia containers are for example the well known AVI, MPEG , Matroska, OGM.
MP4 is the global file extension for the official container format defined in the MPEG-4 standard. MP4 is streamable and supports all kinds of multimedia content, multiple audio-, video-, subtitlestreams, pictures, variable-framerates, -bitrates, -samplerates...) and advanced content like 2D and 3D animated graphics, user interactivity, DVD-like menus.

MPAA:
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), originally called the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America, is a non-profit trade association based in the United States which was formed to advance the interests of movie studios. Its members consist of the "big six" major Hollywood studios: Buena Vista (The Walt Disney Company), Sony Pictures, Paramount Pictures (Viacom -- which bought DreamWorks in February 2006), 20th Century Fox (News Corporation), Universal Studios (NBC Universal), and Warner Bros. (Time Warner). The organization produces the well-known voluntary film rating system.

MPG:
MPG can be either an abbreviation for MPEG or is used as a file extension for MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 video data. It is a container to contain MPEG-1/2 video stream and MPEG1 layer 2 audio (aka mp2 files). MPG containers are also refered to as program streams (PS).

MPEG-1:
An ISO/IEC (International Organization for Standardization/ International Electrotechnical Commission) standard for medium quality and medium bitrate video and audio compression. It allows video to be compressed by the ratios in the range of 50:1 to 100:1, depending on image sequence type and desired quality. The encoded data rate is targeted at 1.5Mb/s - this was a reasonable transfer rate of a double-speed CD-ROM player (including audio and video). VHS-quality playback is expected from this level of compression. The Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) also established the MPEG-2 standard for high-quality video playback at a higher data rates. MPEG-1 is used in encoding video for VCD. MPEG FAQ

MPEG-2:
An encoding standard designed as an extension of the MPEG-1 international standard for digital compression of audio and video signals. MPEG-1 was designed to code progressively scanned video at bit rates up to about 1.5 Mbit/s for applications such as CD-i. MPEG-2 is directed at broadcast formats at higher data rates; it provides increased support for efficiently coding interlaced video, supports a wide range of bit rates and provides for multichannel surround sound coding such as PCM, Dolby Digital, DTS and MPEG audio. Developed by Fraunhofer Institute.

MPEG-3:
A proposed variant of the MPEG video and audio compression algorithm and file format. MPEG-3 was intended as an extension of MPEG-2 to cater for HDTV but was eventually merged into MPEG-2.

MPEG-3 should not be confused with MP3 which is MPEG-1 layer 3 popularly used for audio encoding.

MPEG-4:
An ISO/IEC standard 14496 developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), the committee that also developed MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. These standards made interactive video on CD-ROM, DVD and Digital Television possible. MPEG-4 is the result of another international effort involving hundreds of researchers and engineers from all over the world. MPEG-4 was finalized in October 1998 and became an International Standard in 1999. The fully backward compatible extensions under the title of MPEG-4 Version 2 were frozen at the end of 1999, to acquire the formal International Standard Status early in 2000. Several extensions were added since and work on some specific work-items is still in progress.

MPEG-7:
MPEG-7 is an ISO/IEC standard developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group. MPEG-7, formally named “Multimedia Content Description Interface”, is a standard for describing the multimedia content data that supports some degree of interpretation of the information’s meaning, Unlike previous MPEG standards aimed at encoding, MPEG-7 is not aimed at any one application in particular; rather, the elements that MPEG-7 standardizes support as broad a range of applications as possible.

Multi-Angle View:
When a movie is being shot, a concert/movie/etc may be recorded from more than one viewpoint. An angle block can contain up to 9 different angles, all equal in time length. That way the viewer will be able to view a movie or concert from different angles and and switch angles instantly.

Multipass Encoding:
Before you read on: Currently true multipass encoding is available only for WM8 and MPEG-2 (SVCD & miniDVD). M4C is not true multipass encoding (and read the M4C guide to find out what it is and how it works). An encoder that supports multipass will in a first pass analyze the video stream to be encoded and write down a log about everything it encounters. Let's assume that we have a short clip which starts out in a dialog scene where we have few cuts and the camera stays static. Then it leads over to a karate fight with lots of fast cuts and a lot of action (people flying through the air, kicking, punching, etc). In regular CBR encoding every second gets more or less the same bitrate (it's hard to stay 100% CBR but that's a detail) whereas in multipass VBR mode the encoder will use the bitrate according to its knowledge about the video stream, that is the dialog part gets of the available bitrate and the fighting part gets more bitrate. The more passes the more refined will the bitrate distribution be. In single pass VBR the encoder has to base his decisions on where to use how much bitrate solely on the knowledge of the stuff it previously has encoded.

Multiplex, Multiplexing, Mux, Muxing
Joining multiple video and audio to one file.

[sLAUGHTER]

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NFO (.nfo file):
A nfo file is a textfile with information about the release.

Noise:
Irrelevant, meaningless, or erroneous information added to a signal by the recording or transmission medium or by an encoding/decoding process. An advantage of digital formats over analog formats is that noise can be completely eliminated (although new noise may be introduced by compression).

Normalizing:
Normalizing consists of finding the volume peak of a soundtrack, then increase the rest of the soundtrack to the same level. This is usually done at WAV level, that is all variables are integers so the precision is not as good as in DRC. Hence DRC is to be preferred over Normalizing.

NTSC:
Abbreviation of National Television Standards Committee. The NTSC is responsible for setting television and video standards in the United States (in Europe and other parts of the world, the dominant television standards are PAL and SECAM). The NTSC standard for television defines a composite video signal with a refresh rate of 60 fields (half-frames interlaced) per second. Each frame contains 525 lines and can contain 16 million different colors. The resolution of an NTSC VCD is 352x240 pixels, an NTSC SVCD is 480x480, and an NTSC full D1 DVD is 704 or 720 x 480.

[sLAUGHTER]

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Ogg Vorbis:
Ogg is the name of an open souce multimedia project maintained by the xiph.org foundation. Vorbis refers to the lossy general purpose audio compression format that surpasses mp3 in quality and rivals new formats such as AAC and TwinVQ (a.k.a. VQF). http://www.xiph.org http://www.vorbis.com

OGM:
OGM, Ogg Media file/stream/container is a video and audio container similiar to avi, matroska. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGM

OST:
OST stands for Original SoundTrack. A OST is a collection of music found in a particular video game, movie, TV series, etc.

Open GOP:
When encoding MPEG video, a GOP which uses referenced pictures from the previous GOP at the current GOP boundary. For example the GOP is open when B Frames at the start of a GOP rely on I or P frames from the immediately previous GOP. Also see Closed GOP.

Overburn:
According to the official standards, a cd (and a cd-r disc as well) should have a capacity of 650MB or 700MB of data, or an equivalent of 74 minutes or 80 minutes of audio.

As the laser beam in a cd recorder writes on cd-r media, it travels from the center of the disc towards its edge. Before the physical edge of the cd, there is an already set limit to prevent the laser beam writing beyond that, so that the physical edge of the cd's writable surface will never be met.

This means that there exists a security zone at the edge of the cd-r media. If we could write into that security zone, we could gain in capacity, since we would be able to write more data on the cd. This is called overburning.

Overlay, Hardware Overlay, Video Overlay:
Hardware overlay, also known as video overlay, is a method of rendering an image to a display screen with a dedicated memory buffer inside computer video hardware, to display a fast-moving video image such as a computer game, a DVD, or the signal from a TV card. Hardware overlay is supported by most video cards (since about 1998) and media players. http://en.wikipedia....ardware_overlay

Overscan:
Most television sets magnify the image a little too much, cutting off a little from all four sides. Some cut off as much as 20% of the total image. Trained television technicians can usually fix overscan.

[sLAUGHTER]

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P Frame:
A P-frame is a video frame encoded relative to the past reference frame. A reference frame is a P- or I-frame. The past reference frame is the closest preceding reference frame.

Each macroblock in a P-frame can be encoded either as an I-macroblock or as a P-macroblock. An I-macroblock is encoded just like a macroblock in an I-frame. A P-macroblock is encoded as a 16x16 area of the past reference frame, plus an error term. To specify the 16x16 area of the reference frame, a motion vector is included. A motion vector (0, 0) means that the 16x16 area is in the same position as the macroblock we are encoding. Other motion vectors are relative to that position. Motion vectors may include half-pixel values, in which case pixels are averaged. The error term is encoded using the DCT, quantization, and run-length encoding. A macroblock may also be skipped which is equivalent to a (0, 0) vector and an all-zero error term. The search for good motion vector (the one that gives small error term and good compression) is the heart of any MPEG-1 video encoder and it is the primary reason why encoders are slow.

PAL:
Short for Phase Alternating Line, the dominant television standard in Europe. The United States uses a different standard, NTSC. PAL delivers 625 lines at 50 fields (half-frames interlaced) per second. The resolution of a PAL VCD is 352x288 pixels, a PAL SVCD is 480x576, and a PAL full D1 DVD is 704 or 720 x 576.

Pan & Scan:
The technique of reframing a picture to conform to a different aspect ratio by cropping parts of the picture. DVD-Video players can automatically create a 4:3 pan & scan version from widescreen video by using a horizontal offset encoded with the video, which allows the focus of attention to always be visible.

PBC:
Playback control, PBC, is available for Video CD (VCD) 2.0 and Super Video CD (SVCD) 1.0 disc formats. PBC allows control of the playback of play items and the possibility of interaction with the user through the remote control or some other input device available.

PCM:
Pulse Code Modulation. An uncompressed, digitally coded representation of an analog signal. The waveform is sampled at regular intervals and a series of pulses in coded form (usually quantized) are generated to represent the amplitude.

PDTV:
Other resolution digital tv recordings from source streams at a bitrate of 10+mbps or higher. It is a label given to files that were ripped directly from a purely digital source, having less resolution than HDTV.

PDVD:
A PDVD is usually an Asian silver or, telesync copy of a movie, that has been encoded to DVD. PDVDs are usually sold by movie bootleggers. Quality varies of course. PDVDs are widely available throughout some countries at an extremely low price.

Peer-To-Peer (P2P):
sharing and delivery system where users who are logged are able can download files from each other.

PGC:
ProGram Chain, containing instructions in a DVD-Video title for controlling interactivity and the presentation of AV sequences and menus.

Piracy:
The unauthorized duplication and/or use and distribution of a software program/music/movies etc.

Pirate Party:
The Pirate Party (Swedish: Piratpartiet) is a political party in Sweden. The party strives to reform laws regarding intellectual property, including copyright, patent and the protection of design. The agenda also includes support for a strengthening of the right to privacy (such as private property and private information), both on the Internet and in everyday life. Since it does not have an agenda on any other issues, the party claims it is not possible to place it anywhere on the left-right scale.

Pixel:
The smallest picture element of an image (one sample of each color component). A single dot of the array of dots that makes up a picture. Sometimes abbreviated to pel. The resolution of a digital display is typically specified in terms of pixels (width by height) and color depth (the number of bits required to represent each pixel).

Pixel Aspect Ratio:
The ratio of width to height of a single pixel. Often means sample pitch aspect ratio (when referring to sampled digital video). Pixel aspect ratio for a given raster can be calculated as y/x multiplied by w/h (where x and y are the raster horizontal pixel count and vertical pixel count, and w and h are the display aspect ratio width and height). Pixel aspect ratios are also confusingly calculated as x/y multiplied by w/h, giving a height-to-width ratio.

PPI:
Pirate Party International. See Pirate Party.

PREAiR:
Is an advanced copy of the finished episodes. Unlike a SCREENER these will not have watermarks, time codes and other common SCREENER defects.

PRETAiL:
Is an advanced copy of a retail release.

Private Tracker:
Torrent trackers that are closed to the public and usually invite only. Most if not all will kick an account if their ratio becomes too low.

Program Stream (PS):
A program stream is a combination of elementary video and audio streams (ES). An MPEG-1 program stream contains MPEG-1 video and MPEG1 layer 2 audio (mp2) whereas an MPEG-2 program stream contains MPEG-2 video and MPEG1 layer 2 audio (mp2).

Progressive scan, Progressive, Noninterlaced, Non-Interlaced:
Progressive or non-interlaced scanning is any method for displaying, storing or transmitting moving images in which the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence. This is in contrast to the interlacing used in traditional television systems.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_scan" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_scan</a>

PROPER:
A proper is released when there is something wrong with a release, and another groups releases it but then without the bug/problem.

Proxy:
A gateway though which users can connect to the Internet. Advantage of proxy is that servers and other www-users won't be able to view the user's real ip.

PUO:
PUO means Prohibited User Operations. It's a feature of the DVD format, allowing the person doing the authoring to prevent the user from executing certain functionality. For instance, you could activate a PUO that prevents people from fast forwarding / skipping an FBI warning before the main movie starts. Or, it could be used to force you to use the menu of the disc to change the audio language, by setting the PUO for audio switching (so the audio button on your remote won't do anything).

[sLAUGHTER]

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Quantisation:
The quantisation process refers to the DCT coefficients and is performed in order to both remove the subjective redundancy and control the compression factor.
The setting of the quantisation parameters is a key point for the quality of the coder.

Quantize Matrix:
A term used in all mpeg video encoders, both software and hardware, which refers to the two 8x8 blocks of numbers appearing under the Quantize Matrix tab in the settings on some encoders or hard coded. These blocks of numbers represent the mathematical functions that the encoder will perform in order to best optimize the video for the appropriate format. Settings vary between a video being encoded as computer animation intended for a computer monitor or full motion video intended for a television. Different Matrix are used for progressive frame and interlaced and also the matrix varies (should) dependent on bit rate.

QuickTime:
A digital video software standard developed by Apple Computer for Macintosh (Mac OS) and Windows operating systems.

[sLAUGHTER]

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Ratio (File Sharing):
How much you download over how much you upload. This can affect how fast things download in eD2k and/or get you banned from private torrent trackers.

Ratio (Video):
See Aspect Ratio.

RCE:
RCE means Region Code Enhancement. Using the programming options that the DVD format offers (reading and writing to a number of registers available in all players), RCE is a more advanced version of region codes. It's a way studios try to prevent you from playing discs that are not sold in your region (don't have a matching region code). Old regionfree hardware players might have problems with RCE discs, but most modern regionfree players have no trouble playing such discs. Currently, discs using RCE use RCE-3 but I don't know if this means it's the 3rd version, or if the 3 has another meaning.

REAL:
Used when a group releases a mislabeled version and has to be replaced with a REAL version.

RECODE:
A recode is a previously released movie, usually filtered through TMPGenc to remove subtitles, fix color etc.

Region Coding:
Region coding is how Hollywood studios stagger DVD movie releases across the planet. These codes ensure that one country doesn't get a DVD movie before the same movie is out in that country's theatres. In their corporate omniscience, movie studios have carved the planet into regions with each region having a specific code.

All DVD players and discs have region codes. A DVD player and disc must be of the same region or the disc will not play.

If you want to watch movies from other countries, you need a multiregion DVD player. This will allow you to play any disc from any region. However, because TV standards differ, you might need a specialized NTSC/SECAM/PAL TV or a DVD player that can output any signal to the standard your TV accepts.

Release:
Original releases are rips of movies, programs, games and music, all released by groups specialized in creating these kinds of releases.

Release Groups:
Groups of people who release programs/games/movies on the internet.

Remastered:
(Digitally) remastered means that an older not-digital movie has been reedited, remastered and is released on DVD.

REMiX:
No longer used. Renamed to LD.

REPACK:
If a group releases a bad rip, they will release a REPACK which will fix the problems. It's similar to proper but then done by the same group.

RERiP:
A previous rip was bad, now it's ripped again properly.

Resampling:
The process of converting between different spatial resolutions or different temporal resolutions. This may be based on simple sampling of the source information at higher or lower resolution or may include interpolation to correct for differences in pixel aspect ratios or to adjust for differences in display rates.

Resolution:
1) A measurement of relative detail of a digital display, typically given in pixels of width and height;

2) the ability of an imaging system to make clearly distinguishable or resolvable the details of an image. This includes spatial resolution (the clarity of a single image), temporal resolution (the clarity of a moving image or moving object), and perceived resolution (the apparent resolution of a display from the observer's point of view). Analog video is often measured as a number of lines of horizontal resolution over the number of scan lines. Digital video is typically measured as a number of horizontal pixels by vertical pixels. Film is typically measured as a number of line pairs per millimeter;

3) the relative detail of any signal, such as an audio or video signal. Also see lines of horizontal resolution.

rff/tff Flags:
RFF means repeat first frame, it's a technique used to make the necessary 29.97 frames per second out of a 24 frames per second source - the movie like it was recorded with a traditional movie camera used by Hollywood. The rff flag tells the player to repeat one field of the video stream. Tff means top field first and is also used to perform a telecine to make a 24fps movie into 29.97fps. You can read more about film to video transfer in Robshot's article on synch.

RIAA:
The Recording Industry Association of America (or RIAA) is a trade group that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of a large number of private corporate entities such as record labels and distributors, who create and distribute about 90% of recorded music sold in the US. It is involved in a series of controversial copyright-infringement legal actions on behalf of its members.

Ripping:
Basically ripping means copying a DVD/CD/Game to your hard disk.

RL.PROPER:
Shortened version of REAL.PROPER. Only happens if a PROPER release has an error and is re-released (error free) by another group.

RSS:
RSS is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated digital content, such as blogs, news feeds or podcasts.

[sLAUGHTER]

S
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Sample Rate:
The number of times a digital sample is taken, measured in samples per second, or Hertz. The more often samples are taken, the better a digital signal can represent the original analog signal. Sampling theory states that the sampling frequency must be more than twice the signal frequency in order to reproduce the signal without aliasing. DVD PCM audio allows sampling rates of 48 and 96 kHz.

Sampling:
Converting analog information into a digital representation by measuring the value of the analog signal at regular intervals, called samples, and encoding these numerical values in digital form. Sampling is often based on specified quantization levels. Sampling may also be used to adjust for differences between different digital systems.

SBC:
Smart Bitrate Control. A new kind of DivX encoder called Nandub can modify many internal codec parameters on the fly during compression, giving you better quality and a lot more control over the encoding session.

Scalability:
Scalability offers a set of tools by which video can be coded at different Resolutions (different scales) in one total bitstream.
On the decoder side, video can be decoded at the suitable resolution (scale) extracting a portion of the total bitstream.
It adds compatibility and error concealment.

Scene, The:
The scene aka the warez scene is the worldwide network where people trade pirated goods, like dvd's, music, porn, books, movies, games, applications etc.

Screener/Scrn:
A pre VHS tape or DVD, sent to rental stores, and various other places for promotional use. Mostly DVDs these days.

SDTV:
Standard Definition Television or SDTV refers to DIGITAL transmissions with 480-line resolution, either interlaced or progressive scanned formats. SDTV offers significant improvement over today's conventional NTSC picture resolution, similar to comparing DVD quality to VHS, primarily because the digital transmission eliminates snow and ghosts, common with the current NTSC analog format. However, SDTV does not come close to HDTV in both visual and audio quality.

SE:
SE stands for Special Edition. Like the name says, it's a special dvd edition of a movie. Often special editions contain extra material like trailers, interviews, making-of.

SECAM:
Séquential Couleur Avec Mémoire/Sequential Color with Memory. A composite color standard similar to PAL (image format 4:3, 625 lines, 50 Hz and 6 Mhz video bandwidth), but currently used only as a transmission standard in France and a few other countries. Video is produced using the 625/50 PAL standard and is then transcoded to SECAM by the player or transmitter.

Sequence:
A sequence consists of all the pictures that follow a sequence header till a sequence_end_code.
Encoding and displaying parameters are transmitted with the sequence header.
The sequence header can be repeated in order to allow random access, but all the data elements of the repeated sequence header, except those concerning quantization matrices, must have the same values as in the first sequence header.

Sequence Header:
In an MPEG file, a sequence header is placed before one or more groups of pictures (GOPs) and contains encoding and displaying parameters. The sequence header can be repeated in order to allow random access, but all the data elements of the repeated sequence header, except those concerning quantisation matrices, must have the same values as in the first sequence header. The repeated sequence header must precede in the bitstream either an I Frame or a P Frame.

SFCLONECD / SFCLONEDVD:
Same as CLONECD/CLONEDVD, but the disc's protection is Star Force. StarForce blocks the use of SCSI optical drives when IDE optical drives are present in the system, since most optical drive emulators currently work by simulating SCSI drives. StarForce, however, will authenticate discs from a SCSI optical disc drive if there are no IDE optical disc drives installed in the system; meaning that if you want to run this disc you'll have to unplug your harddisks in order to run the mounted cd or dvd image.

SFV-file (.sfv):
SFV stands for Simple File Validator and is used to check files if they became corrupt after transfer. It does this by doing a CRC (cyclic redundancy check). After the check it displays which files contain CRC-errors and therefore are corrupt. It's also used on FTP servers / sites to check the progress of downloads or uploads. Click here to read more about sfv-files.

Shareaza:
Trash...get rid of it and get a decent client.

SIF:
Source Interchange Format is a video resolution standard defined as 352x240 for NTSC and 352x288 for PAL and SECAM.

SirCotare:
The unwilling Grandfather of TVU. Right before TRW removed links SirCotare located a spidered version the site and salvaged the database.....the same one TVU was built on. When the GVU attacked SirCotare and his site the-freeworld.6x.to sLAUGHTER and Che Guevara immediately seized control of the server and put the project back up. Shortly after the GVU seized control of the domain (http://the-freeworld.6x.to). Then within hours the project was repackaged and released as TVU. After a brief news campaign to all the P2P sites and a mass email to users it was like we GVU never shut TFW down.

SirCotare however has been fined and now has moved on to other projects.

sLAUGHTER (Root 2):
A crass and sarcastic creature by nature, sLAUGHTER has started to become kinder in his growing age....or perhaps he's just smoking more weed then usual. Despite his lack of formal training or skills he is able to accomplish quite a bit through his network of contacts. sLAUGHTER is responsible for most (if not all) of the manual database editing. This means any errors, doubles, empty shows or seasons removed from the database is done by his hands. He has also been known to spend hours and hours and hours doing manual edits.

Also many people don't "get" the meaning of his name....so for the benefit of everyone (including him) I will spell it out. The point is to get LAUGHTER from slaughter, and it is a reference to Drawn Together S02E01.

Slice:
A slice is a portion of image of 16 lines x ( n x16) pels.
Each slice is coded independently from the other slices of the picture.
Therefore the slice layer allows error confinement because, when errors in the bitstream are detected, the decoder can try to continue the decoding process looking for the next slice header.
Video decoding process at the slice layer
Decode slice_vertical_position.
Decode quantiser_scale_code.
Decode all the macroblocks that compose the slice.

Soft Subs:
Subtitles that can be turned off/on. All external subs are considered soft.

Source:
Where the file was ripped/capped from.

Square Pixels:
Uses a 1.0 pixel aspect ratio. Use this setting if your video has a 640x480 or 648x486 frame size.

Streamlist:
A streamlist is an ASCII test file that contains the pathnames and filenames of your VOB files, one file on every line.

STV:
STV stands for Straight To Video. These movies were never released in theaters, but they were immediately released on video/dvd.

Subbed:
If a release is subbed, it usually means it has hard encoded subtitles burnt throughout the movie.

Subforced:
Used when there's a sign or something to read on screen and they out the translation of it in a sub track. You will occasionally see this in a season or episode comment on TVU.

Subtitles:
Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language - with or without added information intended to help viewers who are deaf and hard–of–hearing to follow the dialog. Sometimes, mainly at film festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing. In the United States, television subtitling for the deaf and hard–of–hearing is closed captioning.

Superbit:
These DVDs do not include special features. The extra room on the DVD is used to provide the best-possible picture and sound. "Superbit Deluxe" DVDs include special features on a second disc.

Syncfix:
A fix which will resynchronize the audio and video layer so they play in unison.

SVCD:
SVCD stands for 'Super VideoCD'. A SVCD is very similiar to a VCD, it has the capacity to hold about 35-60 minutes on 74/80 min CDs of very good quality full-motion MPEG-2 video along with up to 2 stereo audio tracks and also 4 selectable subtitles. A SVCD can be played on many standalone DVD Players and of course on all computers with a DVD-ROM or CD-ROM drive with the help of a software based decoder / player.

Svenska Antipiratbyrån:
Svenska antipiratbyrån (the "Swedish Anti-Piracy Bureau") is a Swedish lobby group working against and investigating cases of alleged copyright infringement. Members of the organization are corporations active on the Swedish media and software market. Chairman is Björn Gregfelt while Henrik Pontén works as Jurist and the groups public relations man.

The organization is sometimes accused of having chosen a name which makes it sound like they are a government agency, whereas in fact they are a private industry group. They have also been criticized for their controversial methods which some see as unethical as well as highly illegal. In 2005 the government agency Datainspektionen ruled that their surveillance methods were in violation of Personuppgiftslagen (PUL) which is intended to protect people's personal integrity. However they later made an exception for the group as they felt that their methods were justified in the fight against crime.

SVHS:
Super Video Home System, same as VHS but it has increased picture quality and resolution capability.

[sLAUGHTER]

T
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TC (TeleCine):
A telecine machine copies the film digitally from the reels.

TC (TimeCode):
A visible counter on screen throughout the film.

TeleCine:
Cinematic film movies are shot at 24 progressive frames per second speed. A Frame is the smallest unit of a 24 fps FILM format. NTSC video is a "field-based" format of 59.94 fields per second. A Field is the smallest unit in interlaced video format. 2 fields make up 1 frame. So, this 59.94 fields per second equals 29.97 frames per second. 1 second in FILM (24 frames) is NOT equal to 1 second in NTSC Video (29.97 frames).

To be able to match the speed of an NTSC Video, conversion from a FILM format to an NTSC Video format undergoes a process called 2:3 pulldown or TELECINE. This process, in simplest terms, means "to add 6 frames so that a 24 fps becomes 30fps which is close to 29.97 fps (another trick is used to get to 29.97).

Telesync:
A video recorded in a cinema but usually on an expensive camera and a seperate audio source or direct audio connection (so the audience cannot be heard). The result is a video generally of very good quality

Time Code:
Information recorded with audio or video to indicate a position in time. Usually consists of values for hours, minutes, seconds, and frames. Also called SMPTE time code. Some DVD-Video material includes information to allow the player to search to a specific time code position.

TMPGenc:
A popular, low cost MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 encoder commonly used to encode VCD, SVCD, and DVD. Free trial is available.

Topsites:
Very fast FTP servers with people who trade the releases by releasegroups to other (top)sites.

Torrent:
See BitTorrent.

Track:
1) A distinct element of audiovisual information, such as the picture, a sound track for a specific language, or the like. DVD-Video allows one track of video (with multiple angles), up to 8 tracks of audio, and up to 32 tracks of subpicture; 2) one revolution of the continuous spiral channel of information recorded on a disc.

Trailer:
A relatively short video that is either used to preview a longer feature film, a television program, food, a sound system or other advertizing. Trailers often come before a main feature movie as an intro.

Transcoding:
Generally another name for encoding.

A more technical term would be "The reformatting of content, without changing the source, to another type of content - most often of a different format than the original (but does not have to be)"

Transport Stream:
The Input of the Transport Stream Multiplexer and the Output of the Transport Stream Demultiplexer are the Video and Audio Packetized Elementary Streams (PES)
MPEG-2 Transport Stream:
may contain one or multiple programs (even with independent time-base); is suitable to no error-free transmision; has a fixed length packet structure.

TS (TeleSync):
A telesync (TS) is the same spec as a CAM except it uses an external audio source (most likely an audio jack in the chair for hard of hearing people).

TTVK / CIAPC:
Tekijänoikeuden tiedotus- ja valvontakeskus / The Copyright Information and Anti-piracy Centre (CIAPC) was established in 1979 by the right owner groups to fight phonogram piracy. Video piracy was included in this cooperation in 1982. The representatives of the traditional film sector joined the Centre in 1985.

TVRip:
TV episode that is either from network or pre-air from satellite feeds sending the program around to networks a few days earlier.

[sLAUGHTER]

U
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UE:
UE stands for Ultra Edition, it's just another commercial name for a special dvd release similar to SE.

Uncensored:
Means that the episode/movie/soundtrack contains footage or dialogue that was originally censored for original broadcast/release.

Uncut:
Uncut means that there is additional footage included that was previously omitted from the original broadcast or release. We at TVU decided to use Extended with/as Uncut because extended usually utilizes cut scenes (removed usually to pull a specific MPAA rating). Or you have those douche-bag edits where George Lucas goes and adds a bunch of CGI shit. Plus 2 tags that mean almost the exact same thing opens TVU up for data errors due to term misunderstandings.

Unrated:
Unrated means that a series or movie is unrated by the MPAA. Unrated is a pointless term being there are millions of things that are "unrated". Though some filmmakers will opt to go unrated rather then cutting the movie down to "R" standards or risk their chances with a NC17 rating. Once upon a time, an Unrated movie wouldn't get played hardly anywhere. NC17 is still pretty much shunned by mainstream movie theaters. For TV Guidelines refer to here. But also we don't use unrated because the MPAA sucks and is impossible to apply to foreign (Non-US) broadcasts.

[sLAUGHTER]

V
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VBI:
Vertical Blanking Interval - the part of a TV transmission that is blanked, or left clear of viewable content, to allow time for the TV’s electron gun to move from the bottom to the top of the screen as it scans images. This blank area is now being used to broadcast closed captioned and text formatted information.

VBR:
Variable BitRate. It's possible to encode both audio and video in VBR mode, which won't use the same bitrate for the whole file (as in CBR = Constant BitRate) but rather more complicated parts of the video/audio will receive more bitrate in order to look/sound better and less demanding parts will get less bitrate.

VC1, VC-1:
VC-1 is a video codec standard. Its most popular implementation is Windows Media Video 9. It is an evolution of the conventional DCT-based video codec design also found in H.261, H.263, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4. It is widely characterized as an alternative to the latest ITU-T and MPEG video codec standard known as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. VC-1 contains coding tools for interlaced video sequences as well as progressive encoding. The main goal of VC-1 development and standardization is to support the compression of interlaced content without first converting it to progressive, making it more attractive to broadcast and video industry professionals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC1

VCD:
VCD stands for VideoCD and is a mpeg1 based video format, with a constant bitrate of 1150kbit at a resolution of 352x240 (NTSC).

VCD Header Trick:
Some DVD players just can't play SVCD... but in this case and if you are lucky your DVD player may be able to play VCDs that use the "VCD-Header Trick". By changing the "Header" of a SVCD MPEG-2 video file into the one of a VCD2.0 MPEG-1 file and by using it as standard VCD2.0 file, you may be able to play MPEG-2 files with your home DVD player. www.vcdeasy.org/modules.php?name=_Guides&id=VcdTrick

VCDeasy:
A freeware VCD / SVCD authoring program for the PC. The program works with the freeware program VCDimager to automate production of video CDs with complex features like menus, chapters and the like.

VDub:
Shorthand for VirtualDub

VfW:
Video for Windows (VfW) The first video capture and display system developed by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. The design of VfW video capture was optimized for capturing movies to disk. Features important to video conferencing, TV viewing, capture of video fields, and ancillary data streams are missing from the VfW architecture. To circumvent these limitations, vendors augmented VfW by implementing proprietary extensions. However, without standardized interfaces, applications that use these features must include hardware-dependent code.

VHS:
VHS stands for Video Home System, and is a dominant domestic videotape format.

VHSRiP:
A movie transferred off a retail VHS, mainly skating/sports videos and XXX releases these day.

Video Encoding:
The process for changing a video from one format to another by altering the resolution and/or the bitrate. Normally the result of this process is a movie with a different compression. For a proper encoding you need a piece of software and/or hardware, which is called codec.

Video_ts:
See audio_ts.

VirtualDub:
A video capture/processing utility written by Avery Lee for 32-bit Windows platforms (98/NT/2000/XP), licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). While not a full featured video editor like Adobe Premiere, it is streamlined for fast linear operations over video. It has batch-processing capabilities for handling large numbers of files and can be extended with third-party video filters. VirtualDub is mainly geared toward processing AVI files, although it can read (not write) MPEG-1 and also handle sets of BMP images. Various offshoot versions are on the web from other developers to handle MP3 and MPEG-2/VOB/AC3.

VirtualDubMod:
VirtualDubMod is an open source video capture and linear processing tool for Microsoft Windows. It is based on Avery Lee's VirtualDub, and is licensed under the GPL. VirtualDubMod is hosted on SourceForge and is at version 1.5.10.2 (released August 2005).

Compared to VirtualDub, VirtualDubMod has many more features as it is the merging of several specialized versions of VirtualDub that were written for various tasks. Added features include Matroska support, MPEG-2 support, and Ogg Theora support.

VKI:
Variable Keyframe Interval. Basically that means that keyframes will not be inserted in regular intervals as in the regular DivX codecs but where they are needed. There are 2 ways of VKI: The first is that the encoder analyzes the compressed frame, compares it against the original and re-encodes the frame again as a keyframe if the quality difference is higher than a set threshold. This way of encoding is only possible with a certain special application: M4C. There's a command line based version and a plugin for AviUtl available (the latter is described in detail in the AviUtl guide). If you set the threshold too high you'll end up with a lot of keyframes. Then there's the 2nd way which is basically keyframe insertion at scene changes. In order to do that the encoding program or the codec will detect when there's a cut (as it's called by movie makers) occur and make the first frame of the new scene a keyframe. This can be achieved by using mpeg2aviAr (part of AviRevolution 2.1), m4c or by installing the DivX VKI codec. If you use the latter you don't have to worry about the encoder... every program that can encode to DivX will then result in files that has keyframes at scene changes. VKI, when properly used (that applies to the first way), can help you increase quality and reduce the amount of keyframes, which may lead to higher quality again because especially at lower bitrates too many keyframes will give you a worse quality.

VLC Player:
VLC media player is a free software (GPL) media player by the VideoLAN project. It is a highly portable multimedia player, encoder, and streamer that supports many audio and video codecs and file formats as well as DVDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols. It is able to stream over networks and to transcode multimedia files and save them into various different formats. VLC used to stand for "VideoLan Client", but that meaning is deprecated.

VM2:
Short version of VKI + MM4 + VBR MP3

VOB ID:
VOB IDs are used to internally group cells in a PGC on a DVD.

VOB Files:
All DVD movies are stored in so-called VOB files. VOB files usually contain multiplexed Dolby Digital Audio and MPEG2 video. VOB Files are called as follows: vts_XX_y.vob where XX represents the title and Y the part of the title. There can be 99 titles and 10 parts, although VTS_XX_0.VOB does never contain any video, usually just menu or navigational information. There's 2 ways to find out which files contain the main movie: First: Play the movie in any DVD player and watch the LED on a standalone or the status window on a software player. Second: The main movie is the largest number of consecutively numbered VOB files. For instance it's vts_05_1.vob, vts_05_2.vob.... vts_05_8.vob (I haven't seen movies with 9 partial files but that doesn't mean that they don't exist).

VOstFR:
Video Originale subtitles FRench

VTS:
VTS stands for Video TitleSet and means a set of consecutively named VOB files with the corresponding IFO and BUP files. For instance VTS2 would be VTS_02_0.VOB (containing the menus), VTS_02_1.VOB, VTS_02_2.VOB, etc, VTS_02_0.IFO and VTS_02_0.BUP. VTS are used to group video stuff together that belongs together. For instance one VTS is usually used for the main movie (sometimes including the trailer and some studio logos), other VTS are used for extras.

[sLAUGHTER]

W
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Warez:
Intellectual property (IP) that is distributed illegally. Examples are software, movies or music being given away or resold without the permission of the author, serial numbers or ways to crack software that is sold (serialz or crackz).

Watermark:
A watermark is a small tag generally in one of the corners of the picture. A lot of films come from Asian Silvers / PDVD and are tagged by the people responsible. This is usually a letter, initials or a little logo. Most famous are the "Z" "A" and "Globe" watermarks.

WAV:
WAV files are probably the simplest of the common formats for storing audio samples. Unlike MPEG audio and other compressed formats, WAVs store samples "in the raw" where no pre-processing is required other that formatting of the data.

Wavelets:
Wavelets are an alternative basis space. There are infinitely many wavelet bases (Daubechies, Haar, Mexican Hat, "Spline", Zebra, etc), but their primary feature is that they are localized. Fourier basis functions span all space (from negative to positive infinity). Wavelets are basically individual pulses of waves (at various positions and scales).

Their value in compression stems from factors like the grouping which generally shows that a good 90% of the data is modeled by the low-pass filters, with the high-pass filters generally showing very small values that are mostly details. (of course, this is not true if the source is noisy in the first place). For images, the greatest value comes from localization of the basis, which means that we can model discontinuities (e.g. edges) VERY well with wavelets. You will NOT get those weird JPEG halos if you use wavelets.

Widescreen:
A video image wider than the standard 1.33 (4:3) aspect ratio. When referring to DVD or HDTV, widescreen usually indicates a 1.78 (16:9) aspect ratio.

Windows Media:
Microsoft's proprietary architecture for audio and video on the PC. It's based on a collection of codecs which can be used by the WindowsMedia Player to play files encoded in any supported format. There are 3 released of the WindowsMedia codec architecture: version 7, 8 and 9. Those codecs are natively supported by the corresponding media player version (Windows Media Player 7, Windows Media Player 8 supports WMV8, and Windows Media Player 9 supports WMV9), but you can also find codecs pack for download at Microsoft.com to play such content outside the official Microsoft media player.

WMF:
Windows Media Format files are audio/video files encoded with the Windows Media Encoder, providing high quality and media security for streaming and download-and-play applications on PCs, set-top boxes, and portable devices. Windows Media Format comprises Windows Media Audio and Video codecs, an optional integrated digital rights management (DRM) system, and a file container.

WMP:
Windows Media Player - a multimedia audio and video player bundled with the Windows Operating System. The player can play many different formats natively including WAV, ASF, WMF, MPEG-1 and can play many types of AVI files if the codec is installed including DivX. WMP can also play MPEG-2 with a third party codec installed (like the ones installed by software DVD players such as WinDVD and PowerDVD).

WMV:
Windows Media file with Audio and/or Video (WMV): You can use a .wmv file either to download and play files or to stream content. The .wmv file format is similar to the .asf file format.

WMVHD:
WMV HD stands for Windows Media Video High-Definition. Just what makes high definition video different? It comes down to video resolution. The video most of us are used to seeing on our TVs today, called "standard definition," has at most 480/576 visible lines of detail, whereas "high definition" video has as many as 1,080. High definition video looks sharper and clearer than regular video, especially on big-screen displays. It actually comes in two different resolutions, called 1080p and 720p.

Workprint:
A workprint is a copy of a film that has not been finished yet.

WS:
WS stands for WideScreen, which is a screen size ratio of 16:9 (width:height).

wuff:
Technically the unwilling Great Grandfather of TVU. As many of you may know (hopefully) wuff was the founder of the-realworld.de (TRW). A truly great eD2k TV indexing site. After getting attacked by the GVU wuff had no choice but to close it down. On a positive note the GVU was unsuccessful in destroying him or the database.

wuff was left with a damn impressive TV info site (EpisodeWorld) and thanks to SirCotare the database was spidered.

Please help support wuff's "new" project and DON'T pm him about details on the agreement between him and the GVU....he is unable to talk about it....AT ALL.

[sLAUGHTER]

X
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x264:
Is an OpenSource variant of the H.264 codec. The codec is still in development, and therefore it's not yet used that much. There are already some scene groups who do x264 releases though.

XCD:
eXtended CD is an upcoming CD format which allows your CDs to be written in mode2 form 2 mode which basically means that it contains less error correction codes thus allowing you to store more data onto a single CD. XCD allows you to store 800 MB of data on a regular 700 MB CD. But as there's less error correction on the discs, XCDs are not very scratch resistant and it's suggested that you only put data that has additional error correction in the container (for instance OGM) on such CDs.

XSVCD:
eXtended SVCD - XSVCD has same features as SVCD but it is possible to use higher bitrates and higher resolution to get higher video quality. XSVCD is basically everything that uses MPEG-2 video, is not within the SVCD standard or close to DVD, and burned in "SVCD" Mode on a CD-R or CD-R(W). XSVCD can be played on some hardware DVD players and many computers with appropriate software like a software DVD player or a media player with a MPEG-2 codec.

XVCD:
eXtended VCD - XVCD has same features as VCD but it is possible to use higher bitrates and higher resolution to get higher video quality. XVCD is basically everything that uses MPEG-1 video, is not within the VCD standard, and burned in "VCD" Mode on a CD-R or CD-R(W). XVCD can be played on some hardware VCD or DVD players and many computers with appropriate software.

XviD:
XviD is an open source MPEG-4 video codec. Originally based on OpenDivX, XviD was started by a group of volunteer programmers. A very efficient and high-quality video codec and is seen as the standard in the scene.

[sLAUGHTER]

Y
*****************************************


YUV:
The analog luminance and color-difference components of a color image (in digitized form, as Y, Cr, Cb, in JPEG) or video (NTSC and PAL). If you take the typical Red, Green, Blue colorspace (RGB), you can get YUV from:

Y (or Luma)= 30% Red + 59% Green + 11% Blue Analog Luminance
U (or Cb)=R-Y the red signal component minus the luminance
V (or Cr)=B-Y the blue signal component minus the luminance

[sLAUGHTER]

Z
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[sLAUGHTER]

EXTENSIONS
*****************************************


.001-.999
Part of a RAR archive that has been split into several smaller files, named as .001 (where XXX can be any number between 000 and 999). In order to extract such archive correctly, all RAR files need to be found. This is a less popular, more older way to pack a release.

.AC3 (Audio Codec 3 aka Dolby Digital 3rd Generation)
AC3 is't Dolby Digital's audio codec. The common version contains 5.1 channels (five primary speakers and an LFE channel), but the format supports Mono and Stereo usages as well. AC3 audio is used on pretty much every single retail DVD you will buy. To play back AC3 audio on your computer, you should install the AC3Filters. This will also play back AC3 audio in DivX or XviD files.

.ACE
Another compression file like RAR (see below).

.ASF
Advanced Streaming Format

.AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
AVI is a video format from Microsoft. Currently it's the most common file format for storing audio/video data on the PC. Also it's a standard video format in the scene. AVI itself doesn't specify how it should be encoded, so the audio/video can be stored in very various ways. Most commonly used video codecs that use AVI structure are XViD and DiVX. AVI can be played by almost any video viewing program. When it's coded with XViD or DiVX you'll need to download the codec to view it.

.AVS (Application Visualization System)
Digital video format based on Digital Video Interactive (DVI) technology; often created by Intel video software.

.BIN (Binary)
A .bin file has many uses. It is used by many virus scanners and anti-spyware software as an update file for example. One of the main uses of .bin files right now is the creating and burning of cd/dvd images. These image files are a full copy of the cd. When the cd is completely ripped to a .bin file, a .cue file is also created .BIN files are the most used cd image files today.

.BUP (Back-UP)
A BUP file is a DVD file that is a backup of the IFO files. They are only needed if the original ifo on disc gets corrupted.

.CCD (CloneCD control file)
The CCD file is simply an ASCII text file that holds information on the CD that is needed for the burning process. A .ccd file on its own is useless, there also must be the .sub file and the .img file. With all these 3 files the cd image can be burned or mounted.

.CDA (CD Audio track)
CDA files are the standard format of audio on a CD. It can be converted to your hard drive by a ripper mp3 files. The converted mp3 files are much smaller than the original .cda files. .CDA files can be converted by a lot of cd rip tools.

.CDI (CD Image)
An .cdi file is a complete copy of a cd or dvd, stored into 1 file.

.CUE (Cue Sheet Track)
When a cd is completely ripped to a .bin image file, a .cue file is also created that contains information on the .bin file for burning or mounting software. A .cue file is also created when a .bin file is actually made from files on a harddrive. A .cue file can be opened directly by many cd burning software titles. It provides information on the cd image file or on the audio that is important to the burning software (such as locations of track breaks, the separation of songs on an audio cd is the result after burning). A .cue file is for cd's, what a .mds is for dvd's.

.DAT (Data)
A .dat file has many uses. One of the most important uses of .dat files are VideoCD and SuperVideoCD data files. Typically a .dat file is found on VCD or SVCD disc contains MPEG-1 (in case of VCD) or MPEG-2 (SVCD) -encoded video and audio encoded in MP2 format. VCD .dat files can be played with virtually all standard video software players, but in order to play SVCD .dat files, the system needs to have an MPEG-2 codec installed or the player has to have an integrated MPEG-2 decoding that supports SVCDs.
Windows Media Player Classic

.DIVX
Old file format of .avi files encoded with the divx codec. See .avi at the top of the page.

.DIZ (Description In Zip)
File_id.diz is a plain text file containing a brief content description of an archive in which it is included.

.ECL (Encoder Control List)
You will often encounter these files if you are saving a project with the Cinema Craft Encoder (CCE). When opened in the Cinema Craft Encoder it loads the saved settings for input and output files.

.EXE (EXEcutable)
An executable Windows application file. This can be all software, from games to burning tools, but also cracks, patches and so on..

.GZ (GZip)
An extension used by GNU's version of ZIP, called gzip. The gzip program has its origins on UNIX machines, but it has been ported to most other computer types as well and is typically available for free under the terms of the GNU public license. Unlike, for example, .zip, gzip compresses a single file. gzip is often used in conjunction with .tar to create a compressed collection of files (.tar.gz or .tgz).

.IDX+.SUB
VobSub image based subtitle format used to rip subs from a DVD. Can contain multiple soft sub streams.

.IFO (InFOrmation)
An IFO file is a DVD information file that store information about chapters, subtitles and audio tracks. The main content of DVD-Video disc are the VOB files which contain the actual MPEG-2 audio, video and subtitle streams. BUP files are a backup of the .IFO files.

.IMDB (International Movie DataBase)
An .imdb file is a textfile with movie info. When a movie/dvd is uploaded to a site, a script automatically generates a .imdb file. The script searches the movie title on imdb.com and copies the movie info to the file. The file contains info such as the director, the actors, the plot and more.

.IMG (Image)
An .img file is a complete copy of a cd or dvd, stored into 1 file. If it's ripped with CloneCD the .img file should also be accompanied by a .ccd and a .sub file. .IMG files are one of the two most standard file formats for image files in the scene. It can be burned to a cd/dvd or virtually mounted.

.ISO
An .iso file is a complete copy of a cd or dvd, stored into 1 file. The extension comes from the full name of the CD-ROM and DVD-ROM file system specification, ISO 9660. .ISO files are one of the two most standard file formats for image files in the scene. It can be burned to a cd/dvd or virtually mounted.

.M2V
.m2v is an MPEG-2 video file that contains only the video related data. M2V files are normally destined to be muxed. M2Vs are created by demultiplexing an existing MPEG-2, or by converting another video format to MPEG-2.

.MDF
If it is a rather large file, e.g. 650 MB, then it is most likely a CD image. If it is a file of smaller size, see at the end of this article. These MDF image files are created using a CD/DVD CD/DVD image file editor (and CD burner and CD/DVD backup tool) called MagicISO Maker.

.MDS
The MDF file is a CD/DVD image file, and MDS is the corresponding catalog file. Basically .mds contains information for DVD burning software and tells what .iso/.mdf files it should burn to the DVDR disc, in which way and in which order.

.MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
An industry-standard electronic communications protocol that defines each musical note or event in an electronic musical instrument or show device such as a synthesizer, precisely and concisely, allowing electronic musical instruments, computers and other show equipment to exchange data in real time. It's a common standard for monofoon (& polyfoon) ringtones.

.MKA/.MKV (Matroska Audio/Video)
The Matroska multimedia container formats were derived from a project called MCF, but differ from it significantly because it is based on EBML (Extensible Binary Meta Language), a binary derivative of XML. EBML enables future format extensibility, without breaking file support in old parsers. This is a container, not a CODEC. Get the parser from the Matroska site. MKA files are typical matroska files containing only audio information, but no video. These files may typically comprise a complete music album in one single file, where file chapters mark each song. In addition to that the file can have attachement like lyrics or cover JPEGs, or even show a Karaoke subtitle stream.

.MNU (MeNU)
A .mnu file is a Menu File. Several programs use this file extension. DVD-Lab & DVD-Lab Pro use this file to save and load user created menus.

.MOV (MOVie)
A .mov file is an Apple Quicktime movie file. A .mov file functions as a multimedia container file that contains one or more tracks, each of which store a particular type of data, such as audio, video, effects, or text (for subtitles, for example). Each track in turn contains track media, either the digitally-encoded media stream (using a specific codec such as mp3, jpeg, divx) or a data reference to the media stored in another file or elsewhere on a network.

.MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer-3)
MP3 is a widely used technology for the compression and decompression of music. It's the most common music file format in the scene, there almost are no others. MP3's can be played with almost any music player.

.MP4 (MPEG Audio Layer-4)
MPEG-4 -encoded audio or video file, using MPEG-4's container format. MP4 files can be played by alternative systems like Apple computers and iPod's.

.MPG / MPEG
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 -encoded video file. A video standard developed by MPEG Group. MPEG-2 is not a successor for MPEG-1, but an addition instead -- both of these formats have their own purposes in life; MPEG-1 is meant for medium-bandwidth usage and MPEG-2 is meant for high-bandwidth/broadband usage. Most commonly MPEG-2 is used in digital TVs, DVD's and SVCD's.

.NFO (iNFO textfile)
A .nfo file is a textfile with information about a release. The files are designed by ASCII artists and can be read with Damn NFO Viewer or simply with notepad. They contain release information like the runtime of a movie or an installation guide (if software).

.NRG (Nero CD-Image)
A .NRG file is a complete copy of a cd put into 1 file. Nero Burning Rom can create and burn CD-Images with the extension .NRG. They can also be used by Alcohol 120% or Daemon Tools.

.OGG
Ogg Vorbis Codec Compressed WAV File

.OGM (Ogg Vorbis Compressed Video File)
OGM is another extention for the OGG container adopted by Windows users to distinguish music (OGG) and video (OGM). Although not an official extention it is used by DivX and Xvid encoders that put video into the Ogg container.

.PAR .PAR2 / .P01 (Parity ARchive volume set)
These files are part of the Parity Archive Volume Set. You'll encounter them often at newsgroups. They come with the original files of course with an index file at the beginning of a post and different sizes of volumes at the end of a post. These files can fill in gaps from corrupted or missing parts when downloading from a newsgroup. You can use these files with QuickPar.

.r01-.r99
Part of a RAR archive that has been split into several smaller files, named as .rXX (where XX can be any number between 00 and 99) and one .rar file. In order to extract such archive correctly, all RAR files need to be found. In the scene this is a common way to pack a release.

.RAR
A rar file is a data compression archive format. The actual content is packed into a rar-archive. Ussually they are split to multiple rar volumes with a certain size (15 or 50 is standard). Scene releases are packed into rar files, but they are not compressed. The rar files have typically a file extension of .rar, but in case of multi-part files, the extension can also be in form of .r00, .r01, .r02, etc. or .001, .002, .003, etc.

.ratDVD
A .ratDVD file has been created with the software ratDVD. ratDVD can compress an entire DVD movie to one single file including menus with full functionality, all extras, all audio tracks, all angles and any other material on the disc. The result .ratDVD file is usually several gigabytes smaller, but the quality is not so good. Also, it's packed and compressed a lot.

.RMVB
RealVideo Variable Bit Rate File

.SFV (Simple File Validator)
SFV stands for Simple File Validator and is used to check files if they became corrupt after transfer. It does this by doing a CRC (cyclic redundancy check). After the check it displays which files contain CRC-errors and therefore are corrupt. It's also used on FTP servers / sites to check the progress of downloads or uploads. Click here to read more about sfv-files. Similar to .SFV is .jasfv, only this file is generated by ja-check.

.SRT (SubRip subTitle)
A .srt file is the standard subtitle format produced by SubRip and is supported by virtually all subtitle manipulation and playback tools.

.SSA (Sub Station Alpha subtitle)
A .ssa file is the standard subtitle format produced by Sub Station Alpha and is supported by virtually all subtitle manipulation and playback tools. .SSA files are rather common still, even tho they aren't technically as advanced as several competing subtitle formats, but the fact that .ssa files are compatible with several popular video manipulation tools, makes it popular, at least as a temporary format.

.SUB (Subtitle)
A .sub file is one of three files that make up a CloneCD Image File. There should also be a .img file and a .ccd file. A .SUB file stores sub channel data on all tracks of the CD. It must be used with the .IMG file and the .CCD file to properly burn the contents to a CD.

.TAR (Tape ARchive)
An archive file format used mostly in the Unix world. TAR is capable of storing the file system structure including file permissions and dates. TAR does not do any compression by itself, so it's not a compression format like, for instance, zip. One can compress tar archives using either a separate tool or commandline switches -j (bzip2), -z (gzip) or -Z (compress). The commandline switches are available in the GNU version of tar.

.TME1 (Tsunami Mpeg media Editor project)
TSUNAMI MPEG Media Editor was created by TMPG Inc. and it allows you to easily edit MPEG files (supports HD content).

.TORRENT
.torrent files are basically BitTorrent's equivalent to ed2k links used in eDonkey network. In essence, .torrent files include instructions for BitTorrent -compatible P2P clients where to find the "tracker" for the downloaded file, hashed checksum that verifies for the client that it is actually downloading the correct file, the full size of the file and the filename of the file. So, essentially .torrent files are very, very small files that simply contain some textual data about the file itself. Thus, downloading the torrent file itself takes only matter of seconds, if not milliseconds, but it is not the file that is downloaded from the P2P network. Instead, .torrent files are typically hosted on just standard web servers and can be even passed via email. But in a computer with a BitTorrent -compatible client installed in it, launching a .torrent file typically starts a process where the BitTorrent -compatible client first contacts the tracker described in the .torrent file and if the tracker server is found and "seeds" (people sharing the file in question) are available, launches a download process of the file described in the .torrent file.

.TS
A .ts file is an MPEG-2 Transport Stream file.

.VAF
A .vaf file is a Video Information File. You would find these files often in a DVD2SVCD output folder when using the Cinema Craft Encoder (CCE) to encode MPEG-2 video with a Variable Bitrate (VBR).

.VOB (Video Object File)
It is one of the core files found on DVD-Video discs and contains the actual movie data. Basically VOB file is just a basic MPEG-2 system stream, meaning that it is a file that contains multiplexed MPEG-2 video stream, audio streams (normally AC3 and DTS formats) and subtitle streams.

.VPD
A .vpd file is a PhotoDVD Project File. PhotoDVD is a software application developed by VSO Software. It allows you to create clever slideshows out of a variety of different image files.

.WMV (Windows Media Video)
WMV is a generic name of Microsoft's video encoding solutions and doesn't necessarily define the technology what it uses -- since version 7 (WMV7) Microsoft has used its own flavour of MPEG-4 video encoding technology (not very surprising, it's not compatible with other MPEG-4 technologies). DivX video format is originally based on hacked WMV codec. The latest versions of WMV don't have much in common with MPEG-4 anymore, but use Microsoft's own video encoding technologies instead. The only releases which are in .WMV format are porn clips, since you download them as .WMV from the web and don't require a re-encode.

.XTODVD
A .XtoDVD file is a ConvertXtoDVD Project File. ConvertXtoDVD is software from VSO Software that allows you to convert multiple video formats into DVD files (VOB, IFO, BUP).

.XVID
Old file format of .avi files encoded with the xvid codec. See .avi at the top of the page for more info.

.ZIP
The ZIP file format is a popular data compression and archival format. A ZIP file contains one or more files that have been compressed or stored. The format was originally developed by Phil Katz, the founder of PKWARE, back in 1989. The first tool ever to use the compression method was called PKZIP, developed by Katz's company. Nowadays, .zip is almost exclusively used as the file extension for ZIP-compressed files.

[sLAUGHTER]

Released to public.


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